The Cold War A28 7.4.2

GUIDING QUESTION Why did relations between the United States and the Soviet Union devolve into a Cold War after the Second World War? (derived from 1996)

GUIDING QUESTION Europe, Asia, Middle East, Latin America. Analyze the success and failures of the United States Cold War policy of containment during the period 1945-1953 in the following: Europe, Asia, Middle East, Latin America. (from 2004)

GUIDING QUESTION Compare and contrast US foreign policy after the First World War and the Second World War. Consider the periods of 1919-1928 and 1945-1950. (2002)

War Aims and Postwar Diplomacy ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR War Aims and Postwar Diplomacy

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR Basic incompatibility of economic and political systems History of discord and mistrust Western response to Bolshevik Revolution US recognition of the Soviet Union Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR WWII Alliance of Britain and U.S. with Soviet Union was pragmatic “marriage of convenience” to defeat Germany Lack of trust of Stalin. unified wartime command atomic bomb Soviets believed western allies not sharing load Soviet mistreatment of eastern Europeans during WWII

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR: Wartime Diplomacy “Big Three” Allied leaders were consistently unable to resolve their basic disagreements over the structure of post-war Europe Tehran Conference (November 1943) U.S. and Britain would open a second front within six months Allies would create a post-war international organization http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/_browse1950.htm Description: Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill on portico of Russian Embassy in Teheran, during conference--Nov. 28 -Dec. 1, 1943.eywords: Credit: Library of Congress Stalin, Roosevelt & Churchill at Tehran, 1943

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR : Wartime Diplomacy Yalta Conference (January-February 1945) Loose set of principles that avoided the most divisive issues. Division of Germany (and Berlin) into four “zones of occupation”; Reunification of Germany at a future date; process not specified Soviets would enter Pacific war within 3 months after Germany had been defeated United Nations Poland – free elections at some unspecified date after the war wadsworth “the holding of free and unfettered elections as soon as possible on the basis of universal suffrage and secret ballot" Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin at Yalta, February 1945

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR : Wartime Diplomacy San Francisco Conference - United Nations Formed (April 1945) Security Council 11 members Permanent seats with veto power for U.S., Britain, France, China and USSR General Assembly Secretariat Secretary-General International Court of Justice

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR : Wartime Diplomacy Potsdam Conference (July-Aug. 1945) Reparations: Stalin allowed to take 25% of West German industry Nazi leaders: to be tried as war criminals at Nuremberg Poland: Free elections Japan: Unconditional surrender Korea: to be temporarily divided Truman’s attitude Atomic bomb http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/potsdam.html Churchill, Truman and Stalin at Potsdam

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR: Causes of Cold War Soviets the main cause (Original U.S. view) Aggressive policies of expansion (in eastern Europe) and violation of Yalta agreements U.S. the main cause (Revisionist interpretation) By insisting that entire world be open to American trade and influence (capitalist expansionism & internationalism) Neither/Both the cause (post-revisionist interpretation) Two most powerful nations in world bound to clash Through ignorance and misconceptions, both countries helped to create an atmosphere of tension and suspicion that touched off the Cold War Could the Cold War have been avoided? How?

TRUMAN AND CONTAINMENT IN EUROPE

GUIDING QUESTION Analyze the success and failures of the United States Cold War policy of containment during the period 1945-1953 in Europe. (from 2004)

B. TRUMAN AND CONTAINMENT IN EUROPE President Harry S Truman Poland Soviet “satellites”        "Iron Curtain" - Churchill (March 1946) Containment Doctrine George Kennan (more economic/diplomatic than military) Truman Doctrine (1947) Greece & Turkey Significance (end isolationism, Korea, Vietnam) Churchill & Truman, "Iron Curtain Speech," March 5, 1946 (Harry S. Truman Library) Iron Curtain: Churchill and Truman, "Iron Curtain Speech," March 5, 1946 On March 5, 1946, former British prime minister Winston S. Churchill (1874–1965) delivered a speech, which he intended for a worldwide audience, at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri. President Harry S. Truman (right) had encouraged Churchill (seated) to speak on two themes: the need to block Soviet expansion and the need to form the Anglo-American partnership. Always eloquent and provocative, Churchill denounced the Soviets for drawing an "iron curtain" across eastern Europe. This speech became one of the landmark statements of the Cold War [American Journey Online] Roark, American Promise 3e from http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentral George Kennen (Copyright 1997 State Historical Society of Wisconsin

B. TRUMAN AND CONTAINMENT IN EUROPE The Marshall Plan (1947) George C. Marshall National Security Act of 1947 Atomic Energy Commission Department of Defense Central Intelligence Agency National Security Council Carnes & Garrity The American Nation 12e

B. TRUMAN AND CONTAINMENT IN EUROPE Berlin Blockade (June 1948) new West German Republic Berlin Airlift (June 1948-summer 1949) Airlift Map - Divine America Past and Present Cold War Division Germany map - Kennedy, American Pageant 13e [History Companion CD] Divided Berlin Map - Faragher, Out of Many, 3rd Ed.; http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_faragher_outofmany_ap/ Berlin Airlift Begins. AP/Wide World. 1948 AMJOL Cold War Division of Germany

B. TRUMAN AND CONTAINMENT IN EUROPE North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (April 1949) Purpose significance Warsaw Pact (1955) Martin, America and Its Peoples 5e

"trouble spots" appeared - map from Time Magazine, May 1945 http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/USPics2/58724.jpg

THE COLD WAR IN ASIA 1949-1954

GUIDING QUESTION Analyze the success and failures of the United States Cold War policy of containment during the period 1945-1953 in Asia. (from 2004)

THE COLD WAR IN ASIA Chinese Civil War (1927-1950) U.S. Ambassador Patrick Hurley, Chiang Kai-shek & Mao Zedong, 1945 Chinese Civil War (1927-1950) Nationalists (Kuomintang) - Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek) Communists - Mao Zedong Truman administration “loses” China (1949) Taiwan “one China” policy Soviet A-bomb (Aug. 1949) NSC-68 (April 1950) Soldiers of the victorious People’s Liberation Army entering Beijing, June 1949. Chang, Mao - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mao_and_Chiang1945.jpg People’s Liberation Army – Wikipedia Map Chinese Civil War - Carnes & Garrity The American Nation 12e Martin, America and Its Peoples 5e Communist Revolution in China

THE COLD WAR IN ASIA Korean War (1950-1953) Gen. Douglas MacArthur - The Martin letter Cold War significance Maps: Brinkley 10e Korean War - Phases 1 & 2 (June-November 1950) Korean War Phases 3 & 4 (Nov. 1950-April 1951)

Korean War American troops advancing in Korean War http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/image_bank_US/1946_1954.html Description: Fighting with the 2nd Inf. Div. north of the Chongchon River, Sfc. Major Cleveland, weapons squad leader, points out Communist-led North Korean position to his machine gun crew. November 20,1950. Pfc. James Cox. Fighting with the 2nd Inf. Div. north of the Chongchon River, Sfc. Major Cleveland, weapons squad leader, points out Communist-led North Korean position to his machine gun crew. Nov. 20, 1950 > > >

Asia After World War II J. Jones, P. Wood, et al, CREATED EQUAL: A Social and Political History of the US, http://wps.ablongman.com/long_jones_ce_1/0,7283,494555-,00.html

COLD WAR IN ASIA: IMPACT OF THE KOREAN WAR Soviets UN Asia Japan Vietnam U.S. (at home) Pojer U.S. Defense Spending, 1940-1964 (in constant 1975 dollars)

COLD WAR IN ASIA & THE ENTIRE PLANET Hydrogen bomb (H-bomb) http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/image_bank_US/1946_1954.html Mushroom cloud from hydrogen bomb on Bikini atoll

DOMESTIC POST-WAR ADJUSTMENTS

"Saturday afternoon street scene" "Saturday afternoon street scene“, Welch, W. Va., August 1946 "Saturday afternoon street scene" By Russell Lee, Welch, McDowell County, West Virginia, August 24, 1946 National Archives and Records Administration, Records of the Solid Fuels Administration http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/picturing_the_century/galleries/postwar.html# for War

DOMESTIC POST-WAR ADJUSTMENTS Reconversion Election of 1948 Nash, The American People 6e; http://wps.ablongman.com/long_nash_ap_6/0,7361,592970-,00.html Election- Brinkley 10e Dewey Defeats Truman - http://www.quia.com/files/quia/users/timkens/18 Presidential Election of 1948

FIGHTING COMMUNISM AT HOME The Red Scare and McCarthyism

THE RED SCARE AND McCARTHYISM Loyalty checks (begun in 1947) House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) “The Hollywood 10” H10 with lawyers. Am Journey online Hollywood Ten (with lawyers)

THE RED SCARE AND McCARTHYISM Alger Hiss Whittaker Chambers Richard M. Nixon President Truman shakes the hand of Alger Hiss, UN Conference, June 1945 Chambers Makes Sensational Charges in Hiss Case. Acme. 1948 Chambers Makes Sensational Charges in Hiss Case. Chambers now renounced the communist movement and went public with his accusations against Hiss, shown at center listening to Chambers's testimony. Acme. 1948 A smiling President Harry S. Truman (1884-1972) shakes the hand of Alger Hiss (1904-1996) on June 16, 1945, at a conference in San Francisco, California, to inaugurate the new United Nations.  Hiss, a State Department diplomat, helped organize the United Nations.  AP/Wide World. AMJ OL Alger Hiss (1904-1996), seen sitting here to the right of his attorney William Marbury, was a former State Department diplomat who had been accused of spying for the Soviet Union.  Before sessions of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) in 1948, Hiss denied charges by a journalist and former communist, Whittaker Chambers (1901-1961), that he had spied for the USSR. AMJOL Hiss Called to Testify before House Committee. Acme. 1948 AMJOL Here, Nixon, at right, carefully analyzes microfilm that had been dramatically removed from a hollowed-out pumpkin in a patch on the Maryland farm of Hiss's accuser, Time magazine editor Whittaker Chambers (1901-1961), an admitted former member of the Communist Party.  Nixon had plenty to view through his magnifying glass.  The microfilm contained copies of documents that Chambers alleged Hiss had stolen from the State Department in the late 1930s and turned over to him as part of the communist espionage conspiracy.  A jury later concluded that the type on some of the documents matched Hiss's typewriter. Nixon Pursues Hiss. UPI. 1948 AMJOL Hiss Called to Testify before HUAC, 1949 Nixon Pursues Hiss

THE RED SCARE AND McCARTHYISM McCarran Internal Security Act (1950) Klaus Fuchs Julius and Ethel Rosenberg (convicted of nuclear espionage in 1951) Julius Rosenberg (1918-1953) is shown here emerging from a federal van after his conviction for espionage in 1951.  Julius Rosenberg Faces Death Penalty for Espionage. UPI. 1951 Ethel Rosenberg (1916-1953), shown on the left being escorted by deputy marshal Sally Goldstein to another day in her federal espionage trial Ethel Rosenberg Faces Same Fate as Her Husband. UPI. 1951 AMJOL Ethel Rosenberg left being escorted to another day in her federal espionage trial Julius Rosenberg emerging after his conviction for espionage in 1951

THE RED SCARE AND McCARTHYISM Joseph McCarthy (Feb. 1950) Army-McCarthy Hearings (1954) Dwight D. Eisenhower Joseph McCarthy (1908-1957) is shown here pointing to a map to bolster his supposed case of an "immense" communist conspiracy to undermine the United States from within.  McCarthy at Map. UPI. 1950 AMJOL McCarthy demonstrating Communist subversion in the U.S., 1950 Joseph McCarthy and Aide Roy M. Cohn. 1954

Bomb Shelter "Fallout shelter built by Louis Severance adjacent to his home near Akron, Mich., includes a special ventilation and escape hatch, an entrance to his basement, tiny kitchen, running water, sanitary facilities, and a sleeping and living area for the family of four. The shelter cost about $1,000. It has a 10-inch reinforced concrete ceiling with thick earth cover and concrete walls. Severance says, 'Ever since I was convinced what damage H-Bombs can do, I've wanted to build the shelter. Just as with my chicken farm, when there's a need I build it." By an unknown photographer, ca. 1960 National Archives and Records Administration, Records of the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency (397-MA-2s-160)

Duck and Cover Duck and Cover. Unknown. 1961 AJOL

Films Reflect Cold War Themes? Such movies often focused on bodies being taken over by outside forces; otherwise-normal people were actually alien beings bent on destruction, forcing average Americans to flee for their lives, as in this scene from Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956)

FOREIGN AFFAIRS UNDER EISENHOWER

FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s: CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF LIMITATIONS John Foster Dulles “roll back” massive retaliation brinkmanship “more bang for the buck” Eisenhower and Dulles Confer. UPI. 1954 AMJOL Eisenhower and Dulles Confer. 1954

Thirty-eighth parallel Ho Chi Minh Dien Bien Phu Geneva Accords FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s: CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF LIMITATIONS Thirty-eighth parallel Ho Chi Minh Dien Bien Phu Geneva Accords Ngo Dinh Diem Ike Greets Diem. United States Air Force. 1947 [both - Am Journey Online] Ike Greets Diem, 1957

Zionists Shah of Iran Gamal Abdel Nasser Suez Crisis FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s: CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF LIMITATIONS Zionists Shah of Iran Gamal Abdel Nasser Suez Crisis http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/image_bank_US/1954_1963_maps.html Israel, the Middle East and the Suez Crisis, 1956

Fidel Castro third World FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s: CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF LIMITATIONS Fidel Castro third World Fidel Castro at Harvard 1959 Fidel Speaks. AP/Wide World. 1959. American Journey Online Nikita S. Khrushchev and Fidel Castro. United Nations. 1960 AJO Nikita S. Khrushchev and Fidel Castro. United Nations. 1960

Hungarian Revolution Nikita Khrushchev U-2 FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s: CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF LIMITATIONS Hungarian Revolution Nikita Khrushchev U-2 U-2. 1978 http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/_browse2000.htm Description: Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and wives at a state dinner in 1959. Keywords: Soviet Union Credit: National Archives and Records Administration. High-Flying U-2. Unknown. 1978 [AJO] Soviets Trumpet Shooting Down of U-2 Spy Plane. UPI. 1960 ajo U-2 Pilot Francis Gary Powers at Congressional Hearing after release in exchange for Soviet spy. Unknown. 1962 ajo U-2 Pilot Francis Gary Powers at Hearing. 1962 Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and wives at a state dinner in 1959.

“military-industrial complex” FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s: CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF LIMITATIONS “military-industrial complex” Kenslea; http://www.quia.com/files/quia/users/timkens/20

GUIDING QUESTION How and for what reasons did U.S. foreign policy change between 1920 and 1941? (To what extent did the United States adopt an isolationist policy in the 1920s and 1930s?) (2004B DBQ)

GUIDING QUESTION To what extent did the Second World War bring about lasting change in the American society, economy and government?

Sources National Archives and Records Administration American Journey Online http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/image_bank_US/1946_1954.html Teaching Politics–Rutgers U. http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/_browse1950.htm & http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/_browse2000.htm http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/photos/html/sindex.html Brinkley, American History: A Survey 10e & 11e [Instructors Resource] Faragher, Out of Many, 3rd Ed.; http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_faragher_outofmany_ap/ Divine, America Past and Present Revd 7th Ed. Cayton, America: Pathways to the Present (2003) Nash, The American People 6e, http://wps.ablongman.com/long_nash_ap_6/0,7361,592970-,00.html Roark, American Promise 3e from http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentral J. Jones, P. Wood, et al, Created Equal:, http://wps.ablongman.com/long_jones_ce_1/0,7283,494555-,00.html Kennedy, American Pageant 13e [History Companion CD]