Sandhi 1. Rules of external sandhi for anusvàra: 1.Word-final m  ü before a word-initial consonant: devam + paśyati `s/he sees the god' devaü paśyati.

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Presentation transcript:

Sandhi 1

Rules of external sandhi for anusvàra: 1.Word-final m  ü before a word-initial consonant: devam + paśyati `s/he sees the god' devaü paśyati devam + dadarśa `s/he saw the god' devaü dadarśa pårvam + sattvam `the former existence' pårvaü sattvam

Rules of external sandhi for anusvàra: 2.Optionally, ü becomes a homorganic nasal before a following consonant: ü  ïbefore a velar consonant ü  ¤before a palatal consonant ü  õbefore a retroflex consonant ü  nbefore a dental consonant ü  mbefore a labial consonant devaü + dadarśa `s/he saw the god' devan dadarśa

This assimilation takes place neither before the fricatives (ś, ù, s, h) nor before r, and happens only rarely before the other semivowels: ü   before y ü   before v ü  l  before l aśvaü + vinà `without a horse' aśva  vinà (written Añv!~ ivna )

Rules of external sandhi for visarga: 1.A word-final visarga remains unchanged before a word-initial labial or velar voiceless stop: yaśaþ + pràpa `s/he obtained fame' yaśaþ pràpa puruùaþ + khanati `the man digs' puruùaþ khanati

Rules of external sandhi for visarga: aśvaþ + tiùñhati `the horse stands' aśvas tiùñhati taiþ + ñaïkaiþ `with those hoes' taiù ñaïkaiþ tataþ + ca `and then' tataś ca

Rules of external sandhi for visarga: 3. Word-final àþ  à before any voiced sound: devàþ + gacchanti `the gods go' devà gacchanti devàþ + àsate `the gods sit' devà àsate

Rules of external sandhi for visarga: 4.Word-final aþ  o before any voiced consonant: devaþ + gacchati `the god goes' devo gacchati devaþ + rocate `the god shines' devo rocate

Rules of external sandhi for visarga: 5.Word-final aþ  a before any vowel other than short a: devaþ + àste `the god sits' deva àste devaþ + iha `the god here' deva iha

Rules of external sandhi for visarga: 6. When word-final aþ is followed by a, aþ  o and the following a is elided (where elision is indicated by the used of the avagraha): devaþ + asti `he is a god' devo 'sti (written devae =iSt )

Rules of external sandhi for visarga: 7. Before a consonant, the words saþ `that' and eùaþ `this' behave exceptionally. Optionally, they lose their final þ before any consonant (voiced or voiceless): saþ + gacchati `that one goes' sa gacchati eùaþ + puruùaþ `this man' eùa puruùaþ

A rule of internal sandhi converting n to õ n  õ when it is preceded in the same word by r, ù, or é , and is immediately followed by a vowel, semivowel, or nasal, provided that a palatal, retroflex, or dental consonant doesn't intervene between the r/ù/é  and the n.

A rule of internal sandhi converting n to õ né ‑ + ‑ nàm `of men (gen. pl.)' néõàm brahman ‑ + ‑ ya ‑ `pious' brahmaõya- ràjàn ‑ + ‑ aþ `kings (nom. pl.)' ràjànaþ