Introduction to Biology Unit 1

“BIO-” means living “-LOGY” means the study of... it’s the study of the living world. Units we will study include: cells, nucleic acids, genetics, plants, animals, ecology. Life is characterized by the presence of ALL of the following properties at some stage in an organism’s life! The word science comes from Latin ‘to know’ What is Biology?

Make a list of AT LEAST 5 characteristics of a living thing! Biology and Living Things

There are 7 characteristics of a living thing... Cells, reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis, heredity, evolution, & interdependence Biology and Living Things

1. Cells *provide structure and function* Made of one or more cells Cell: smallest unit capable of ALL LIFE functions Can be unicellular OR multicellular

2. Reproduction Def: Organisms make more of their own kind: one generation to the next Allows for genetic variation Types: Asexual Sexual

3. Metabolism Def: Chemical breakdown of food for energy Use energy to GROW, move, process info Ex: Photosynthesis and Respiration

4. Homeostasis Def: Maintenance of a stable internal condition. Allows organisms to regulate internal temperature, despite a change in the external temperature How can a human maintain a constant body temp? A dog?

5. Heredity Offspring inherit genes from parents genes: basic unit of heredity, coded for by DNA Def: The passing of traits from parent to offspring.

6. Evolution Def: Change in the inherited characteristics of a species OVER generations Natural Selection: organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce!

7. Interdependence Def: Organisms are dependent on one another and their environment A community of organisms depends on the proper functioning of ALL of its members! (even the ones you can’t see!)

Write down as many of the 7 characteristics that are seen in this picture!

Picture Answers: 1. Interdependence: owl depends on rat for food (adaptations that have evolved over time) 2. Homeostasis: both have coverings to conserve heat 3. Metabolism: owl has captured the rat for food

Mind Map Create a mind map showing the 7 characteristics of life. Also include the following: two descriptive phrases for each characteristic. a drawing to represent each characteristic. Rubric All characteristics included (7 pts) 2 phrases for each characteristics (7 pts) Drawings w/ color (3.5 pts) Neatness (1.5 pts)

INCOMPLETE SAMPLE Characteristics of Life

Living or NOT?!

LIFE IS CELLULAR Cell Theory Cell Theory All living things are made up of cells. All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the basic units of both structure and function in living things. Cells are the basic units of both structure and function in living things. New cells are made only from existing cells. New cells are made only from existing cells.

BASIC CELL STRUCTURE All cells have: All cells have: Plasma membrane (cell membrane) – thin layer that surrounds cells Plasma membrane (cell membrane) – thin layer that surrounds cells Cytoplasm – gel like material inside cells (the “juice”) Cytoplasm – gel like material inside cells (the “juice”) Genetic material (DNA and/or RNA) Genetic material (DNA and/or RNA) Ribosome – organelle where proteins are made Ribosome – organelle where proteins are made

Some cells have: Some cells have: Cell wall – a more rigid structure on the outside of some plasma membranes Cell wall – a more rigid structure on the outside of some plasma membranes Nucleus – a membrane-bound organelle that contains genetic material (brain of the cell) Nucleus – a membrane-bound organelle that contains genetic material (brain of the cell) Mitochondria – a membrane-bound organelle where energy is released (respiration) Mitochondria – a membrane-bound organelle where energy is released (respiration)

Chloroplasts – a membrane-bound organelle (a type of plastid) where glucose is made (photosythesis) Chloroplasts – a membrane-bound organelle (a type of plastid) where glucose is made (photosythesis) Rough endoplasmic reticulum – a membrane-bound organelle that transports proteins Rough endoplasmic reticulum – a membrane-bound organelle that transports proteins Golgi apparatus – a membrane-bound organelle that packages and processes proteins Golgi apparatus – a membrane-bound organelle that packages and processes proteins Vacuole – a membrane-bound organelle that stores water and nutrients Vacuole – a membrane-bound organelle that stores water and nutrients

DIVERSITY OF LIFE All cells fall into two categories of cells: All cells fall into two categories of cells: 1. Prokaryotes Includes bacteria and Archaea Includes bacteria and Archaea 2. Eukaryotes Includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists (like amoebas and paramecium) Includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists (like amoebas and paramecium)

All CellsProkaryotes Archaea Bacteria Eukaryotes ProtistsFungiAnimalsPlants

CHARACTERISTIC OF PROKARYOTES No membrane-bound organelles (“little organs” in cells) No membrane-bound organelles (“little organs” in cells) No nucleus, mitochondria, or chloroplasts No nucleus, mitochondria, or chloroplasts Have DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and cell wall Have DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and cell wall Unicellular Unicellular Fossil evidence shows that bacteria have been on the earth for over 3.5 billion years Fossil evidence shows that bacteria have been on the earth for over 3.5 billion years

Bacterium

CHARACTERISTICS OF EUKARYOTES Plasma membrane Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton Ribosomes Ribosomes Organelles that are membrane bound (ex. mitochondria and chloroplasts) Organelles that are membrane bound (ex. mitochondria and chloroplasts) Fossil evidence shows that eukaryotic cells have been on the earth for approximately 1 billion years. Fossil evidence shows that eukaryotic cells have been on the earth for approximately 1 billion years. Can be unicellular or multicellular Can be unicellular or multicellular

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

Levels of organization in multicellular organisms Cell – basic unit of structure and function (ex. nerve) Cell – basic unit of structure and function (ex. nerve) Tissue – groups of cells that work together to perform a common function (ex. spinal cord or muscle cell) Tissue – groups of cells that work together to perform a common function (ex. spinal cord or muscle cell) Organ – groups of tissues that work together to perform a common function (ex. brain or heart) Organ – groups of tissues that work together to perform a common function (ex. brain or heart) Organ systems – groups of organs that work together to perform a common function (ex. cardiovascular or nervous system) Organ systems – groups of organs that work together to perform a common function (ex. cardiovascular or nervous system) Body – groups of organ systems Body – groups of organ systems