THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

■ It is the beginning of a great intellectual transformation that leads to the modern world ■ Concurrent with other major events  Copernicus is making discoveries at the time of the religious wars are breaking out in Europe  by the end of the Revolution Europe is about to embark on the Enlightenment, a cultural movement that largely rejected religion. What is the Scientific Revolution?

■ Trade and Expansion of Trade  navigational problems generated research ■ Medieval Universities  study of Plato, Aristotle, Ptolemy and Democritus were essential ■ The Renaissance  value of mathematics  Humanism. Causes of the Scientific Revolution

■ Logic over faith: religion no longer the only possible explanation for events ■ Observe, experiment & publish ■ Verifiable: Use of mathematics to prove a point ■ Money: Patronage ■ Questioning: discrepancy between observation and expectations springboards into a search for truth Principles of SCIENTIFIC Revolution

■ Astronomers: Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo ■ Scientific Method: Bacon, Descartes ■ Synthesis: Newton SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1.Ask a Question 2.Do Background Research 3.Construct a Hypothesis 4.Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment 5.Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion Main Scientists

■ Polish priest studied in Italy ■ returns to Poland and works on Astronomy ■ writes De Revolutionibus Orbitum Coelestitum (On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres) ■ Earth is just another planet with a 24 hour rotation ■ retains circular planetary motion (perfection of the sphere). Nicholas Copernicus ( )

■ Student of mathematics and astronomy ■ studied with Tycho Brahe ■ tested hypothesis after hypothesis until he determined that planets move in ellipses ■ Three Laws of Planetary Motion 1planets move in ellipses with sun as one focus 2velocity of a planet is not uniform 3equal area of the plane is covered in equal time by the planets. Johannes Kepler ( )

■ Astronomy  used a telescope, proved the heavens are not perfect (craters on moon)  supported Heliocentric system ■ Laws of Motion  dropping weights from the Tower of Pisa  imagined motion without constraint!!!!  Thought of inertia ■ Problems with the church  argues for separation of science and theology because we are endowed with reason  1633 banned by Church and house arrest  must recant heliocentric system to save neck. Galileo Galilei ( )

■ math/physics/astronomy ■ author of Principia Mathematica in 1687  bringing together Galileo’s discoveries about motion on Earth and Kepler’s discoveries in the heavens ■ explained heavenly motion that was tied to observed motion on Earth. ■ Provided a synthesis superior to Aristotle ■ notion of inertia - only have to explain change ■Newton’s work led to a new branch of mathematics called calculus ■ Three Laws of Motion Isaac Newton ( )

■ Proposed INDUCTION  make a lot of observations then generalize rules of nature - this leads to scientific observation as a method ■ Promoted the modern idea of progress because he wanted application of science ■ Problem of Induction  there is no logical reason to go argue from any amount of experience to a general law. Francis Bacon ( )

■ Great mathematician - showed that any algebraic equation could be plotted on a graph ■ In this manner he linked Greek with Hindu and Arabic knowledge ■ Also looked at DEDUCTION - go from a theory to the facts ■ Only wants what is absolute “Cogito ergo sum” I think therefore I am ■ leads to proof of God. Rene Descartes ( )

■Medical firsts: ■First accurate and detailed study of human anatomy ■First use of stitches ■First description of the circulatory system ■First microscope Other Scientific Advances

■ The Scientific Revolution led to the Age of Enlightenment and a growing belief in human progress ■ Social impact  rich get richer  not much immediate direct change for peasants  widens intellectual gap ■ effect on navigation, map making and artillery ■ Science has innumerable social effects over time: new guns, bigger armies, more taxes, social discontent. ■ Guns lead to European colonialism (more accurate cannon fire) ■ new way of observing the world. VI. Effects of Revolution

The Enlightenment ■ The practical application of the scientific revolution. (How common people were affected) ■ Rational law was applied to human behavior. (rehabilitation, checks of political power.)

From 1650 to 1800, European philosophers began rethinking old ideas about gov’t, religion, economics which led to an era known as the Enlightenment (also called the Age of Reason)

The Enlightenment The intellectuals of the Enlightenment were called philosophers & they shared some basic beliefs New truths could be discovered by using logic & reason Everything could be explained by observing universal truths known as natural laws A belief in progress, that the world can be improved, & that life should be enjoyed People are born with natural rights (personal freedoms that protect liberty)

During the Scientific Revolution, scholars applied logic, perfected the scientific method, & made new discoveries that shattered old ideas… …This gave Enlightenment philosophes a model to follow to make new theories about society The most important Enlightenment ideas were those that challenged rule by absolute monarchs & presented new theories about government

Hobbes was bothered by the English Civil War & chaos that plagued England after the beheading of King Charles I Political Ideas of the Enlightenment One of the first political thinkers of the Enlightenment was Thomas Hobbes Hobbes believed that humans are naturally cruel, selfish, & hungry for power; Hobbes argued that people need to be protected from themselves What kind of government do you think Hobbes supported?

Political Ideas of the Enlightenment Hobbes supported rule b y absolute monarchs; He used scientific reasoning to argue that only kings with absolute power could maintain order in society Hobbes believed in an idea called the social contract: people give up power & rights to a king who provides law & order

Political Ideas of the Enlightenment English philosophe John Locke disagreed with the ideas of Thomas Hobbes He was influenced by the Glorious Revolution when the Bill of Rights was created to protect citizens’ rights Locke believed that people are born with natural rights, including life, liberty, property; Locke argued that kings could be overthrown if they violated peoples’ rights What kind of government do you think Locke supported?

Political Ideas of the Enlightenment Locke supported limited or constitutional monarchies Locke believed that gov’t power came from the consent of the governed (approval of the people) & that kings should protect the rights of the people The English Bill of Rights (1689) The king cannot tax or overturn Parliament’s laws Protected freedom of speech The army cannot be used as a police force No excessive bail

Political Ideas of the Enlightenment The French philosophe Voltaire was one of the most famous writers of the Enlightenment Voltaire argued for the rights of freedom of speech & religion; He criticized intolerance, prejudice, & oppression Voltaire was jailed twice in France for criticizing the gov’t but his letters to European monarchs helped introduce new reforms & freedoms

Political Ideas of the Enlightenment Baron de Montesquieu agreed with John Locke that government should protect individual liberties & that too much power led to tyranny Montesquieu believed in separation of powers: divide power among 3 branches of government

Montesquieu’s model of gov’t also included a system of checks & balances in which each branch of gov’t could limit the power of the other branches

Political Ideas of the Enlightenment The Swiss philosophe Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed in individual freedom Rousseau believed that people are naturally good, but power corrupts them; Free people form a social contract & gov’t based on the common good Rousseau argued for a direct democracy that is guided by the general will of the majority of citizens What kind of gov’t do you think Rousseau supported?

Political Ideas of the Enlightenment Italian philosophe Cesare Beccaria criticized abuses in the justice system Beccaria was upset with the use of torture, corrupt judges, secret trials, & severe punishments for crimes Beccaria argued that people accused of crimes should be given a fair & speedy trial and that capital punishment & torture should be abolished