Regents Biology The Chemistry of Life What are living creatures made of? Why do we have to eat?

Regents Biology  96% of living organisms is made of: carbon (C) hydrogen (H) nitrogen (N) oxygen (O) Phosphorus (P) Sulfur (S) Elements of Life

Regents Biology Molecules of Life  Put C, H, N, O, P, S together in different ways to build living organisms  What are bodies made of?  carbohydrates  sugars & starches  Proteins(muscle)  fats (lipids)  nucleic acids  DNA, RNA

Regents Biology Why do we eat?  We eat to take in more of these chemicals  Food for building materials  to make more of us (cells)  for growth  for repair  Food to make energy  calories  to make ATP ATP

Regents Biology  Water  65% of your body is H 2 O  water is inorganic  doesn’t contain carbon  Rest of you is made of carbon molecules  organic molecules  carbohydrates  proteins  fats  nucleic acids Don’t forget water

Regents Biology How do we make these molecules? We build them!

Regents Biology Building large molecules of life  Chain together smaller molecules  building block molecules = monomers  Big molecules built from little molecules  polymers

Regents Biology  Small molecules = building blocks  Bond them together = polymers Building large organic molecules

Regents Biology Building important polymers sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide Carbohydrates = built from sugars Proteins = built from amino acids Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides amino acid amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – amino acid –

Regents Biology How to build large molecules  Synthesis  building bigger molecules from smaller molecules  building cells & bodies  repair  growth  reproduction + ATP

Regents Biology How to take large molecules apart  Digestion  taking big molecules apart  getting raw materials  for synthesis & growth  making energy (ATP)  for synthesis, growth & everyday functions + ATP

Regents Biology Example of digestion starchglucose ATP  Starch is digested to glucose

Regents Biology Example of synthesis amino acidsprotein amino acids = building block protein = polymer  Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids

Regents Biology Carbohydrates

Regents Biology Carbohydrates  Building block molecules = sugar sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar sugars

Regents Biology sucrose Carbohydrates  Function:  quick energy  energy storage  structure  cell wall in plants  Examples  sugars  starches  cellulose (cell wall) glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 starch

Regents Biology Building carbohydrates  Synthesis | glucose | glucose 1 sugar = monosaccharide 2 sugars = disaccharide | maltose mono = one saccharide = sugar di = two

Regents Biology Building carbohydrates  Synthesis | fructose | glucose 1 sugar = monosaccharide | sucrose (table sugar) 2 sugars = disaccharide How sweet it is!

Regents Biology BIG carbohydrates  Polysaccharides  large carbohydrates  starch  energy storage in plants potatoes  glycogen  energy storage in animals in liver & muscles  cellulose  structure in plants cell walls  chitin  structure in arthropods & fungi exoskeleton poly = many

Regents Biology Digesting starch vs. cellulose starch easy to digest cellulose hard to digest enzyme

Regents Biology Carbohydrates

Regents Biology Proteins

Regents Biology Proteins  Function:  many, many functions  hormones  signals from one body system to another  insulin  movement  muscle  immune system  protect against germs  enzymes  help chemical reactions

Regents Biology collagen (skin) Proteins insulin Examples  muscle  skin, hair, fingernails, claws  collagen, keratin  pepsin  digestive enzyme in stomach  insulin  hormone that controls blood sugar levels pepsin

Regents Biology Proteins  Building block = amino acid amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – —N——N— H H H | —C— | C—OH || O variable group amino acids  20 different amino acids There’s 20 of us… like 20 different letters in an alphabet! Can make lots of different words

Regents Biology pepsin For proteins: SHAPE matters! collagen  Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape  that’s what happens in the cell!  Different shapes = different jobs hemoglobin growth hormone

Regents Biology It’s SHAPE that matters!  Proteins do their jobs, because of their shape  Unfolding a protein destroys its shape  wrong shape = can’t do its job  unfolding proteins = “denature”  temperature  pH (acidity) folded unfolded “denatured” In Biology, it’s not the size, it’s the SHAPE that matters!

Regents Biology Proteins

Regents Biology Lipids: Fats & Oils

Regents Biology Lipids  Examples  fats  oils  waxes  hormones  sex hormones  testosterone (male)  estrogen (female)

Regents Biology Lipids  Function:  energy storage  very concentrated  twice the energy as carbohydrates!  cell membrane  cushions organs  insulates body  think whale blubber!

Regents Biology Saturated fats  Most animal fats  solid at room temperature  Limit the amount in your diet  contributes to heart disease  deposits in arteries

Regents Biology Unsaturated fats  Plant, vegetable & fish fats  liquid at room temperature  the fat molecules don’t stack tightly together  Better choice in your diet

Regents Biology Lipids

Regents Biology Nucleic Acids Examples  DNA  DeoxyriboNucleic Acid  RNA  RiboNucleic Acid RNA

Regents Biology DNA Nucleic Acids  Function:  genetic material  stores information  genes  blueprint for building proteins DNA  RNA  proteins  transfers information  blueprint for new cells  blueprint for next generation proteins

Regents Biology Nucleic acids  Building block = nucleotides  5 different nucleotides  different nitrogen bases  A, T, C, G, U nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide phosphate sugar N base Nitrogen bases I’m the A,T,C,G or U part!

Regents Biology Nucleic Acids