“Dictatorships vs. Democracy” World War II 1922? 1928? 1932? 1937? 1939? 1941? – 1945 Which date is accurate? “Dictatorships vs. Democracy”

After WWI, society was unsure of its destiny After WWI, society was unsure of its destiny. New ideas and old problems will plague the world thus leading to another world war. These reasons included… WAR

M – Militarism A – Alliances I – Imperialism & Industrialization N – Nationalism & Neutrality D – Democracy and Dictatorships

Common features of dictatorships – Single-party politics State-run economy Use of force and terror Censorship and limited, if existent, civil rights Usage of media and schools to mobilize citizens Unquestioned obedience and blind loyalty

World events leading to WWII (1917 – 1932)…

Russian Revolution …intro of communism …single-party politics/state-run economy …Marxism (dictatorship of the common people) …Lenin/Trotsky/Stalin …5-year plan – build industry and agriculture, “collective” mentality …totalitarian state – censorship/propaganda/terror

WWI ends …Treaty of Versailles, “14 Points” and “False Peace” …grudges …Europe in “ruins” – lifestyle/government/economies/infrastructures …M.A.I.N. still exists

1910’s - 1920’s Democracy and Self-determination create regional conflicts …Mexico – social/economic reforms ...Africa – opposed imperialism/redefined traditional culture …Middle East – unite Arabs against outside influence …India – Ghandi (non-violent protest vs. nationalist civil war) …China – foreign influence (communism vs. …Europe – chaos will lead to dictatorships and totalitarianism …USA – “isolationist”/stay out of problems of Europe …STRUGGLE AGAINST IMPERIALISM…

1920’s - 1930’s Extreme nationalism and economic struggles …transform Italy, Japan and Germany …Western nations restore prosperity and encourage peace, but experience political, social and economic turmoil …1929 – Great Depression – world-wide suffering of industrial nations/ rise of “dictators” and “reformers” …”uncertainty” exists because of new ideas, discoveries and lack of identity …Rise of Fascism (Italy), Nazism (Germany) and Imperialism (Japan); preservation of democracy world-wide

…COMPETITION OF POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES TAKES CENTER STAGE… Democracy …power belongs to the people …freedom …majority rule …civil rights …choice Communism Fascism …class struggle inevitable …extreme nationalism …”classless society” …glorify action, violence, discipline, …everything owned by entire community blind loyalty, emotion, citizens must …international change serve the state, foreign expansion and warfare …nationalist change

Who’s who of WWII leaders

Benito Joseph Mussolini Stalin Adolf Hideki Hitler Tojo Иосиф Сталин Il Duce Adolf Hitler Hideki Tojo Der Fuhrer 東條 英機

Emperor Hirohito Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill 昭和天皇 蔣介石 - 蔣中正 Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill British Bulldog De Gaulle

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Harry S. Truman Give ‘em Hell Harry FDR

Timeline of World War II – Bolshevik Revolution; creation of Soviet Union Treaty of Versailles ends WWI; extreme nationalists in Germany blame socialists, communists and Jews for Germany’s problems Hitler joins National Socialist German Worker’s Party (“Nazi Party” for short)

…images of the League of Nations…

Political chaos in Germany led to 100’s of political groups, including the…

National Socialist German Workers' Party Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei The Nazi party symbol, combining the traditional German eagle in a Nazi-style version and the swastika. The eagle symbolizes the Nazi party when looking to its left shoulder called the Parteiadler. ... whereas, when the eagle is looking to its right shoulder, it stands for the country (Reich), and is therefore called the Reichsadler.

Goals of the National Socialist German Worker’s (Nazi) Party… …racial purity of the German people. …persecution of those individuals or enemies “unworthy to live life”. …creation of a “Greater Germany,” known as “lebensraum”.

Rise of Nazi Germany…

Mussolini creates Fascist government in Italy Severe economic hardship hits Germany Hitler participates in Munich Beer Hall Putsch and imprisoned with a 5-year sentence While in prison, Hitler dictates Mein Kampf (My Struggle) and gains attention of extreme nationalists 1924 Mussolini becomes dictator of Italy; known as Il Duce 1926 Hirohito becomes emperor of Japan; known as “Enlightened Peace” Chiang Kai-Shek creates a nationalist government in China; gains support of USA Stalin completes consolidation of power in Soviet Union after Lenin’s death in 1924 1929 Great Depression has world-wide influence

Rise of Il Duce and rebirth of Imperial Rome…

1923 1924 1926 1927 1928

Chiang Kai-shek 蔣介石 / 蔣中正 …creates a pro-democratic government that is supported by U.S. interests. …becomes a vital ally in Asia against Japanese aggressions during WWII… …with help from the pilots of the “Flying Tigers” (AVG)

All nations of the world hit hard by the economic All nations of the world hit hard by the economic depression, especially the imperialist nations Japanese forces take aggressive action towards China German national elections are held and Nazi Party gains 37% of the vote; Nazi SA (storm troopers) violence increases FDR elected to the first of four terms as president of the United States Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany and eventually takes control of German government Reichstag fire; blamed on communists; Hitler assumes emergency powers and eliminates free speech and press; SA gains police powers

JAPANESE INVASION OF MANCHURIA AND CHINA http://search.eb.com/dday/art-71921 JAPANESE INVASION OF MANCHURIA AND CHINA

Nazi Party Election Results Date Votes (in thousands) Percentage Seats in Reichstag Background May 1924 1,918.3 6.5 32 Hitler in prison Dec 907.3 3.0 14 Hitler is released from prison 1928 810.1 2.6 12   Sept 1930 6,409.6 18.3 107 After the financial crisis July 1932 13,745.8 37.4 230 After Hitler was candidate for presidency Nov 11,737.0 33.1 196 Mar 1933 17,277.0 43.9 288 During Hitler's term as Chancellor of Germany

Hitler speech to SA/SS

"The Reich will never be destroyed if you are united and loyal."

Joseph Goebbels Richard Wagner Albert Speer Leni Riefenstahl Martin Bormann Rudolf Hess Julius Streicher Heinrich Himmler Joseph Goebbels Richard Wagner Hermann Göring Ernst Röhm Albert Speer Leni Riefenstahl

Reichstag Fire

Dachau opened; 10,000 political opponents to the Nazis Dachau opened; 10,000 political opponents to the Nazis are arrested and sent to the newly opened concentration camp Nazis organize a national boycott of all Jewish-owned businesses; first anti-Jewish laws are created; exclusion of Jews from Germany society 1934 German President Hindenburg dies; Hitler combines chancellor and president position thus becoming “Der Fuhrer” of the Nazi Third Reich; takes total control with SA and SS; army swears undying loyalty to Hitler 1935 Nuremberg Laws passed which segregate Jews by racial terms, strip them of their citizenship/civil rights and ban Jewish/non-Jewish marriages

Als die Nazis die Kommunisten holten, habe ich geschwiegen; ich war ja kein Kommunist. Als sie die Sozialdemokraten einsperrten, habe ich geschwiegen; ich war ja kein Sozialdemokrat. Als sie die Gewerkschafter holten, habe ich geschwiegen; ich war ja kein Gewerkschafter. Als sie die Juden holten, habe ich geschwiegen; ich war ja kein Jude. Als sie mich holten, gab es keinen mehr, der protestieren konnte. -- Der Weg ins Freie, Martin Niemöller (1946)

When the Nazis arrested the Communists, I said nothing; after all, I was not a Communist. When they locked up the Social Democrats, I said nothing; after all, I was not a Social Democrat. When they arrested the trade unionists, I said nothing; after all, I was not a trade unionist. When they arrested the Jews, I said nothing; after all, I was not a Jew. When they arrested me, there was no longer anyone who could protest. -- translated by Bob Berkovitz

First Nazi concentration camp - political prisoners only. March 20, 1933 established by Heinrich Himmler. Located in Dachau, Germany. March 22, 1933 first prisoners arrive. Used electrified fences. Designed for 5000 prisoners at a time - 12,000 in 1942/30,000 in 1945. 1933 – 1945: 206,206 prisoners imprisoned. 30,000 to 50,000 estimated to have died. Prisoners included Jehovah's Witnesses, Gypsies, homosexuals, Jews and POWs. Became a training location for SS Guards. Camp included: 34 barracks 951 feet by 2018 feet Main gate are the words "Arbeit Macht Frei“ November 1938 approximately 10,000 Jews arrived after having been arrested during Kristallnacht Two Gas Chambers Two crematoria Medical experiments conducted High-altitude experiments Freezing experiments Malaria experiments Tuberculosis experiments Drinkable seawater experiments April 1945 – 20,000 inmate Death March. April 1945 Dachau liberated; 27,400 prisoners left alive.

Principal Distinguishing Badges Worn by Prisoner Dachau: Principal Distinguishing Badges Worn by Prisoner

"The Reich will never be destroyed if you are united and loyal."

Nazi Anti-Jewish Laws Shortly after Hitler's appointment as Reich Chancellor on January 30, 1933, the Reichstag (German parliament) began to institute a series of anti-Jewish decrees. Sections of these laws are quoted below: April 7, 1933 Laws for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service "Civil servants who are not of Aryan (non-Jewish) descent are to be retired." Law Regarding Admission to the Bar "Persons who, according to the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service of April 7, 1933, are of non-Aryan descent may be denied admission to the bar." April 25, 1933 Law Against the Crowding of German Schools and Institutions of Higher Learning "In new admissions, care is to be taken that the number of Reich Germans who, according to the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service of April 7, 1933, are of non-Aryan descent, out of the total attending each school and each faculty, does not exceed the proportion of non-Aryans within the Reich German population."

German people's comrades! German housewives! You all know the disgraceful methods that so-called "German" Jews abroad are using to incite against the German people and Adolph Hitler's national government. If we do not want to give up and sink into deeper misery, we must defend ourselves. We therefore call on you to heed the appeal of our Führer, the German people's chancellor, for a boycott against the Jews and expect the full support of each person in this defensive action. Do not buy from Jewish shops! Do not go to a Jewish doctor! But maintain the strictest discipline. Do not even touch the hair on a Jew's head. The boycott begins Saturday morning at 10:00 a.m. From that moment on, we will watch to ensure that the boycott is strictly followed. He who tries to ignore the boycott will be seen as an enemy of the German people. On Saturday morning at 9:30 at the Lindenplatz and the Pflänzer there will be a large public Boycott Meeting Appear in masses and show that, in the hour of need, you stand with the German people. In Geisenheim, the following establishments will be boycotted: Georg Strauß, grain merchant, Marktstraße Gebr. Strauß, shop, Marktstraße Moritz Strauß, ironware, Marktstraße Hugo Forst, leather goods, Landstraße Dr. Nathan, physician, Landstraße Löwenthal, butcher, Pflänzer The local group office of the NSDAP

Großdeutsches Reich

German bearing, German prowess, manifest Nordic racial heritage!

The Laws for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour Section 1 Marriages between Jews and citizens of German or kindred blood are forbidden Section 2 Extramarital intercourse between Jews and subjects of the state of German or related blood is forbidden. Section 3 Jews will not be permitted to employ female citizens of German or kindred blood as domestic workers under the age of 45. Section 4 Jews are forbidden to display the Reich and national flag or the national colors. Section 5 A person who acts contrary to the prohibition of Section 1 will be punished with hard labour. Section 6 The Reich Minister of the Interior and the Reich Minister of Justice will issue the legal and administrative regulations required for the enforcement and supplementing of this law. Section 7 The law will become effective on the day after its promulgation; Section 3, however, not until January 1, 1936.

The Reich Citizenship Law Article 1 The status of subject is acquired in accordance with the provisions of the Reich and State Law of Citizenship. Article 2 A citizen of the Reich is that subject only who is of German or kindred blood and who, through his conduct, shows that he is both desirous and fit to serve the German people and Reich faithfully. Article 3 The Reich Minister of the Interior in conjunction with the Deputy of the Führer will issue the necessary legal and administrative decrees for carrying out and supplementing this law.

Estimated Jewish population of Europe in 1939.

The aim of censorship under the Nazi regime was simple - “…to reinforce Nazi power and to suppress opposing viewpoints and information.” Punishments ranged from banning of presentation and publishing of works to deportation or even imprisonment in a concentration camp. Hitler himself outlined his theory of propaganda and censorship in Mein Kampf - "The chief function of propaganda is to convince the masses, whose slowness of understanding needs to be given time in order that they may absorb information; and only constant repetition will finally succeed in imprinting an idea on their mind."

To the Student Body of Germany, May 9, 1933 History has taught you nothing if you think you can kill ideas. Tyrants have tried to do that often before, and the ideas have risen up in their might and destroyed them. You can burn my books and the books of the best minds in Europe, but the ideas in them have seeped through a million channels, and will continue to quicken other minds. I gave all the royalties of my books to the soldiers blinded in the World War with no thought in my heart but love and compassion for the Germany people. Do not imagine your barbarities to the Jews are unknown here. God sleepeth not, and He will visit his Judgment upon you. Better were it for you to have a mill-stone hung round your neck and sink into the sea than to be hated and despised of all men. Who do you think was the author?

...the author was Helen Keller!

1936. Germany, Italy and Japan begin efforts to make “behind 1936 Germany, Italy and Japan begin efforts to make “behind the scene” deals for military alliances 1937 First practice for German Luftwaffe in Spanish Civil War Japan invades China; Rape of Nanking Hitler begins annexation of Europe by incorporating Austria into the Third Reich 1938 Hitler takes Czechoslovakia Kristallnacht, or “night of broken glass,” destroys Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues throughout Germany

http://www.archive.org/details/private_snafu_spies 1943 - SPIES http://www.archive.org/details/home_front 1943 - HOMEFRONT http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/dspolitic/ DR. SUESS CARTOONS

“Fukoku Kyohei" "Enrich the Country, Strengthen the Military“ ("National Wealth, Military Strength")

IMAGES MAY BE DISTURBING 南京大屠殺 WARNING IMAGES MAY BE DISTURBING

~ 300,000 murdered between December 1937 and February 1938 Two Japanese officers, Toshiaki Mukai and Tsuyoshi Noda competing to see who could kill (with a sword) one hundred people first. The bold headline reads, "'Incredible Record' (in the Contest to) Cut Down 100 People—Mukai 106 – 105 Noda—Both 2nd Lieutenants Go Into Extra Innings"

Voting ballot from 10 April 1938. The ballot text reads "Do you agree with the reunification of Austria with the German Empire that was enacted on 13 March 1938, and do you vote for the party of our leader Adolph Hitler?," the large circle is labeled "Yes," the smaller "No."

In the early hours of November 10, 1938, Nazi storm troopers and Hitler Youth rampaged through Jewish neighborhoods across Germany, leaving behind them a horrifying trail of terror and destruction. More than a thousand synagogues and many thousands of Jewish shops were destroyed, while thirty thousand Jews were rounded up and sent to concentration camps. This was the moment when deliberately inflamed hatreds ignited nationwide destruction. Kristallnacht, “the night of broken glass”, marked the beginning of the systematic eradication of a people who traced their origins in Germany to Roman times and was a sinister fore-warning of the Holocaust. By setting the tone for the terrible war to follow, it shaped the second half of the twentieth century and continues to haunt us, almost seventy years later. This is the beginning of one of the darkest chapters in human history.

All of these events and atrocities were not seen as significant, except by those who carried them out, those who were its victims and those who had a conscious. The world was still waiting for these activities to cease and peace to prevail! These were only localized issues, not a world problem. The world was on the brink of war, but just where and when were the over-riding concerns…

European and the Pacific Theaters of War European and the Pacific