Standard 10.2.1 The Enlightenment and Democratic Revolution Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, and France.

Vocabulary Terms for Standard 10.2.1 1. Enlightenment- an 18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of life. 2. Natural Rights- Rights people are born with 3. Revolution- To radical and complete change to in political organization 4. Separation of Powers- government in which the executive, legislative, and judicial branches placed limits and control on each other 5. Social Contract- an agreement among a whole society that it would be governed by a general will/what is best for the entire community. 6. Branches of Government- government divided into two or more branches placing limits and control on each other.

Summary of the Enlightenment The Enlightenment, an intellectual movement that spread from Europe to America in the 1700’s, helped inspire democratic revolutions in Europe, the United States, and Latin America. Key enlightenment writers included Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau.

John Locke: England (Slide 1) John Locke (August 29, English philosopher. Locke is considered the first of the British Empiricists, but is equally important 1632 October 28, 1704) was an to social contract theory. His ideas had enormous influence on the development of epistemology and political philosophy, and he is widely regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers and contributors to liberal theory. His writings influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American revolutionaries. This influence is reflected in the American Declaration of Independence.

John Locke: England (Slide 2) Thomas Jefferson John Locke’s Ideas and Influences 1. People have natural rights to life, liberty, and the ownership of property. 2. People form governments to protect these rights. Therefore, a government gets its authority form the people and should reflect their will. Influence: Locke’s ideas influenced Thomas Jefferson, the main author of the Declaration of Independence, the basis of the American Revolution. It Stated that people have natural “unalienable rights” and that a government derives its power from the people the Declaration of Independence

Charles-Louis Montesquieu: France (Slide 1) Montesquieu born on (January 18, 1689 in Bordeaux – February 10, 1755),more commonly known as Montesquieu, was a French social commentator and political thinker who lived during the Enlightenment. He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers, taken for granted in modern discussions of government and implemented in many constitutions throughout the world. He was largely responsible for the popularization of the terms feudalism and Byzantine Empire Charles-Louis Montesquieu

Charles-Louis Montesquieu: France (Slide 2) James Madison Charles-Louis Montesquieu’s Ideas and Influences 1. Government should be kept under control through separation of powers-a divisions into independent parts so that no part has too much power. 2. A way to guarantee balance is to have three branches of government: a legislative branch to make laws; an executive branch to carry out and enforce laws; a judicial branch to interpret the laws; Influence: Montesquieu’s ideas influence James Madison, Sometimes called the father of the U.S. Constitution because of his contributions at the 1787 Constitutional Convention. The Constitution Separate powers into three branches U.S. Constitution c

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: France (Slide 1) Jean-Jacques Rousseau, (June 28, 1712 – July 2, 1778) was a Genevan philosopher of the Enlightenment whose political ideas influenced the French Revolution, the development of socialist theory, and the growth of nationalism. Perhaps Rousseau's most important work is The Social Contract, which outlines the basis for a legitimate political order. Published in 1762, it became one of the most influential works of political philosophy in the Western tradition.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: France (Slide 2) Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Ideas and Influences 1. A social contract exists between citizens and their government. In this contract, citizens accept certain rights and responsibilities, and grant the government the power to uphold those rights and responsibilities Influence: The ideas of Locke and Rousseau influenced Latin American revolutionary leader Simon Bolivar. Bolivar fought to liberate his country, present-day Venezuela, from Spanish rule. He also led movements for independence and democracy in what are now the nations of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Peru.

Standard 10.2.1The Enlightenment and Democratic Revolution Practice Questions 1 and 2 __1. The European intellectual movement that emphasized the responsibility of government to protect people's natural rights was called A. Glorious Revolution B. Reformation C. Enlightenment D. Great Awakening __2. The phrase “natural rights” is original to and central to the writings of which philosopher? A. John Locke B. Charles-Louis Montesquieu C. Jean-Jacques Rousseau D. James Madison

Standard 10.2.1The Enlightenment and Democratic Revolution Practice Questions 3 and 4 ___3. The Declaration of Independence expresses the philosophy that the power of government comes from A. God B. the people C. natural rights D. the Constitution ___4. Which statement best summarizes the role of government in the social contract? A. Its basis is the rights and responsibilities of the people. B. Its has legislative, executive, and judicial responsibilities. C. It guarantees life, liberty, and the ownership of property. D. Its main purpose is to interpret laws.

Standard 10.2.1The Enlightenment and Democratic Revolution Practice Questions 5 and 6 ___5. What principle is directly reflected in the division of a government into three branches? A. natural laws B. separation of powers C. the social contract D. democracy and independence ___6. The ideas of Locke and Rousseau influenced Simon Bolivar in his commitment to A. maintain the peaceful rule of the Spanish king. B. urge the Venezuelan government to separate into three branches C. negotiate a social contract between Spain and Latin America. D. fight for democratic revolution in Latin America.

Key and Grading Scale for Standard 10.2.1 The Enlightenment 3= B 4= A 5= B 6= D Number Correct Grade Points 6 A 10 5 B 08 4 C 07 3 D 06 2 F 05 1