The Endocrine System System of ductless glands that secrete hormones or other substances which produce/activate/excite other cells into action. The Endocrine System is the workhorse for the Nervous System

Endocrine System The pituitary gland works from the principle of bio-feedback. Problems with this system stem from either too much (HYPER) or too little (HYPO) production of a hormone.

Pituitary Gland  The pituitary gland is the master gland of the endocrine system that controls activity of all other glands.  Regulates many physiological body responses such as stress, growth, energy levels and reproduction

Thyroid Gland Proper thyroid gland functions include Body metabolism & Energy Blood calcium levels Oxygen absorption of tissues Thyroid also impacts other glands

Parathyroid Glands Sole function of these glands is to monitor levels of calcium in the blood steam and bones

Adrenal Glands Function Helps the body deal with stress. Hormones Cortisol - (Sugar Level) Adrenaline - (Fight or Flight Response) Disorders Addison’s Disease – hypo-cortisol Cushing’s Disease – hyper-cortisol

Pancreas Dual Functions Endocrine System Gland Hormones Insulin – reduces blood sugar Glucagons – increases blood sugar Exocrine (digestive) Pancreatic/digestive juices are released into the small intestines to further breakdown carbs, fats and proteins in chyme Disease/Disorder Diabetes

Gonads/Sex Glands Female The ovaries are the female sex glands Female Hormones - Estrogen and Progesterone Sex Cell - Ovum/Ova Male The testicles are the male sex glands Male Hormone – Testosterone Male Sex Cell - Sperm

The Process of Puberty 1.The pituitary gland secretes gonadotropic hormones LH & FSH into the bloodstream. 2.LH initiates the sex glands to produce the sex hormones- estrogen (Female Ovaries) and testosterone (Male Testicles). These hormones bring about the secondary sex characteristics and are continual produced throughout an adults life. 3.FSH initiates the production of sex cells in the sex glands/gonads – ovum/ovaries & sperm/testicles.

Female Reproductive System Internal Structure Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus/Endometrium Cervix Vagina/Birth Canal External Structure/Vulva Mons Pubis Clitoris Labia – majora/minora Vaginal opening - Hymen

Internal Structures Ovaries  Female sex gland  Produces estrogen and progesterone  Store egg follicles

Internal Structures Fallopian Tubes  Tubes that connect the ovaries with the uterus/womb  Where fertilization takes place.  Where an ectopic pregnancy can occurs

Internal Structures Uterus/Womb  Strong muscular organ.  Shape: upside down pear  Size of a fist  Implantation occurs here  Lining is called - The Endometrium

Internal Structures Cervix Narrow opening between the uterus and the vagina Mucous helps with infection control Child birth cannot occur until it dilates to 10 cm. Vagina/Birth Canal Muscular tube about 6 inches in length After baby passes through cervix baby passes through this

External Structures (Vulva) Clitoris – tissue in front of the vaginal opening which produces sexual arousal Labia – folds of tissue on either side of vaginal opening providing protection from pathogens Mons Pubis – rounded fatty tissue located directly on top of the pubic bone Vaginal Opening/Hymen

Menstrual Cycle Four Phases of the Menstrual Cycle 1.Menstruation – 5-7 days 2.Pre-Ovulation – lining thickens 3.Ovulation – 14 days prior to the next cycle 4.Post-Ovulation – unfertilized egg exits and the lining starts to die

Male Reproductive System Functions of the System 1.To produce a sex cell – sperm 2.To produce the male hormone - testosterone

Pathway of Sperm STEVSPCUP Scrotum Sac of skin used to hold the testicles. It’s purpose is to keep the testicles cooler for proper sperm production Testicles Produce Testosterone & Sperm Seminiferous Tubes This is where the sperm are produced within the testicle Epididymis Place where mature sperm wait

Vas Deferens Two tubes that leave each testicle/epididymis And bring sperm to the seminal vesicles

Seminal Vesicles The seminal vesicles add a fructose fluid to help nourish the sperm

Prostate Gland Seminal gland that provides a basic solution to semen, which helps to neutralize the acidity of the vagina, which in turn protects sperm. Acidity and Heat kill sperm

Cowper’s Glands Seminal gland that secretes a lubricant that cleanses the urethra prior to ejaculation. Again, Acidity kills sperm

Urethra/Penis Urethra is the tube by which either urine or semen are released from the male body

Reproductive Health Concerns Male Testicular Cancer Prostate Cancer/Enlarged Inguinal Hernia Sterility STI’s – Sexually Transmitted Infections Female Menstrual Cramps/PMS TSS – Toxic Shock Syndrome Cancers – Breast, Cervical, Uterine, & Ovarian Amenorrhea/Dysmenorrhea Ovarian Cysts Sterility STI’s – Sexually Transmitted Infections