1. Introduction to human growth and development
The Endocrine System
Introduction to human growth and development

2. What is the endocrine system?
It includes all of the glands of the body and the hormones produced by those glands.
These glands regulate the function of organs in the body and therefore help to maintain the body’s homeostasis.
These functions include: cellular metabolism, reproduction, sexual development, sugar and mineral homeostasis, heart rate and digestion.

3. What are hormones?
Hormones are a chemical messenger that are released into the blood stream. They control many of your body’s activities
Gland = a group of cells or an organ that secretes hormones

4. The Hypothalamus Location: In the brain, inferior to the thalamus
Purpose: It is responsible for the direct control of the endocrine system through the pituitary gland.
All of the releasing and inhibiting hormones affect the function of the pituitary gland

5. The Eight Endocrine Glands
Which do you remember?
Pituitary Gland
Pineal Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Gland
Adrenal Glands
Pancreas
Ovaries/Testes
Thymus Gland

6. The Pituitary Gland
Location: Small pea-sized lump of tissue connected to the hypothalamus
Purpose: It produces 6 important hormones and is controlled by the releasing and inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus. Produces hormones that control other glands and that control the growth of bones and the movement of smooth muscles

7. The Pineal Gland
Location: Pinecone shaped mass found just posterior to the thalamus of the brain
Function: Produces the hormone melatonin which helps to regulate the sleep- wake cycle

8. The Thyroid Gland
Location: Butterfly shaped gland located at the base of the neck
Function: Produces the hormone thyroxin which controls metabolism

9. The Parathyroid Gland
Location: 4 small masses located on the thyroid gland
Function: Regulates calcium and phosphorus in the body

10. The Adrenal Gland Location: Triangular glands found near the kidneys
Function: Send fight or flight response to the brain and also contains small amounts of testosterone that may help with secondary male sex characteristics. It also controls the body’s water balance

11. The Pancreas Location: In the abdominal cavity
Function: Produces glucagon which is responsible for raising blood glucose levels. It also produces insulin which is responsible for lowering blood glucose levels

12. The Testes Location: Found in the scrotum of males
Function: Produces the androgen testosterone after the start of puberty which effects the muscles, bones, sex organs and hair follicles.
Puberty occurs in males usually between the ages of 12 and 15

13. The Ovaries Location: Almond shaped glands in the pelvic cavity
Function: Produces the female sex hormone progesterone and estrogen. Progesterone is most active in females during pregnancy and ovulation. Estrogen causes female secondary sex characteristics
Puberty occurs in females usually between the ages of 8 and 15

14. The Thymus Location: Triangular shape organ found in chest
Function: Helps protect the body from pathogens. Becomes inactive during puberty and is slowly replaced by adipose tissue.

15. The Female Reproductive System
A brief overview

16. About the Female Reproductive System
Organs Include: Ovaries, Fallopian Tubes, Uterus and Vagina
The ovaries produce egg cells (ova/ovum) and estrogen
Each ovum is enclosed in a small hollow ball called a follicle
A female is born with 200,000 to 250,000 immature egg cells and only 400 of them will mature in her lifetime

17. During Puberty…
The egg cells begin to develop and each month one egg matures and is released from its follicle (called ovulation) and is part of the menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle is associated with hormone production and ovulation

18. Process Continued
The egg is released from the ovaries and enters the Fallopian Tube into the Uterus
Once in the Fallopian Tube one of two things can happen
The egg disintegrates or leaves the body during the menstrual flow
If sperm are present when an egg moves through the fallopian tube conception or fertilization may occur

19. The Male Reproductive System
A Brief Overview

20. External Male Organs
The Penis - Used for reproduction and urination. The reproductive function is to deposit sperm into the vagina
The Scrotum – Sac like pouch that holds each testis and helps regulate the temperature for sperm production. It hangs lower from the body so that the testes have a lower temperature than the rest of the body which allows for the production of sperm.

21. Internal Male Organs
Testes – Male reproductive glands that produce sperm cells and testosterone
Seminiferous Tubules – Network of coiled tubes inside the testes which produces sperm
Epididymis – Where sperm pass after they are produced and are stored

22. Internal Male Organs Cont.
Vas Deferens – The epididymis leads to the Vas Deferens which are thin tubes that are a passageway for sperm and storage for sperm
Seminal Vesicles – Two small glands that secrete a fluid that nourishes and helps the sperm move

23. Internal Male Organs Cont.
Prostate Gland – A gland that makes a fluid to help keep sperm alive
Cowper’s Glands – Glands that secrete a clear, lubricating fluid

24. After Sperm are Produced
Two options
Sperm will be stored in the body
Sperm will leave the body through ejaculation which is a series of muscular contractions.
Semen is a fluid that consists of the combination of sperm, fluids from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and Cowper’s glands.