RECONSTRUCTION Unit IVC AP United States History

Fundamental Question ► ► How did the Civil War change the political, social, and economical landscape of the United States? ► ► Did the Civil War and Reconstruction solve the problems and conditions that led to the sectional conflict?

Reconstruction, Phase 1 Lincoln’s Plan ► ► Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863)   Full presidential pardons for ► ► 1. Oath of allegiance, ► ► 2. Accept end of slavery   Ten Percent Plan ► ► Confederate state reestablished once 10% of voters affirmed allegiance and loyalty   Provide education and voting rights for blacks ► ► Wade-Davis Bill (1864)   Bill required 50% voters to swear ironclad oath and non-Confederates ► ► Second Inaugural Address   “with malice toward none; with charity for all”   Louisiana as example of reconstructed state ► ► Lincoln’s Assassination   April 14, 1865 by John Wilkes Booth in Ford’s Theater   Johnson and rise of Radical Republicans…

Freedmen’s Bureau ► ► Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands in March 1865 ► ► Food, shelter, medicine for freed blacks and displaced whites ► ► Education of blacks and colleges ► ► Viciously attacked and ridiculed by Northern racists and bitter Southerners

Reconstruction, Phase 2 Andrew Johnson’s Plan ► ► About Andrew Johnson   Tennessee Democrat and Lincoln’s VP   Represented more for poor whites against Southern “aristocracy”   White supremacist ► ► Reconstruction Plan   Pardons for loyalty oath   No pardons for Confederate leaders and owned $20,000 taxable property   Admitted Confederate states with appointed governors who established voting procedures for state legislatures   States must abolish slavery and secession clauses

Result of Johnson Plan ► ► Johnson’s Pardons   Alexander Stephens (former CSA VP) elected Georgia U.S. Senator ► ► Johnson revokes General Sherman’s Special Field Orders, No. 15   40 acres and a mule for each former slave family ► ► Readmitted states complied but did not provide provisions for blacks to vote ► ► Black Codes   Prohibited renting land or borrowing to buy land   Contract-labor systems   No testifying against whites, curfews, no jury service, restricted commerce ► ► Race Riots   Memphis (May 1-3, 1866) ► ► Shooting between white policemen and discharged black Union soldiers precipitated white-led rioting against black neighborhoods ► ► 46 blacks and 2 whites killed; 91 homes, 4 churches, 8 schools burned down   New Orleans (July 30, 1866) ► ► Radical Republicans call convention to oppose black codes; leads to public commotion of bitter white Democrats against black parade marchers ► ► 34 blacks and 3 Radicals killed ► ► The Johnson Vetoes   Freedmen’s Bureau Bill - appropriations, protect from Black Codes   Civil Rights Bill of prohibits Black Codes, secures voting rights ► ► Mid-Term Election of 1866 and the Radical Republicans   “Waving the Bloody Shirts” during campaign ► ► “Not every Democrat was a rebel, but every rebel was a Democrat!”   Republicans controlled 2/3 of both houses

Reconstruction, Phase 3 Radical Plan ► ► Republicans led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner overrode Johnson’s vetoes   “state suicide” and “conquered provinces” ► ► Reconstruction Acts of 1867   Confederate leaders disavowed   Johnson-based state governments replaced with military districts under martial law   Former Confederate states may be admitted if… ► ► Ratify the Fourteenth Amendment ► ► Enfranchise blacks and former slaves

Radical Legislation ► ► Fourteenth Amendment (1868)   Anyone born or naturalized was American citizen (Citizenship Clause)   “nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law” (Due Process Clause)   “nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws” (Equal Protection Clause)   Disavowed Confederate leaders; not paying state debt; penalty for preventing voters ► ► Johnson Impeachment (Feb.-May, 1868)   Political ploy by Radical Republicans with Tenure of Office Act   Acquitted by one vote ► ► Fifteenth Amendment (1869)   Blacks have right to vote ► ► Civil Rights Act of 1875   Equal accommodations for blacks; participation on juries ► ► Other goals and reforms   Infrastructure, penal and institutional development and codification, women property rights, public education

Freedmen in the South ► ► Political Recognition   Right to vote   Elected to state and national legislatures ► ► 2 U.S. Senators and a dozen Representatives ► ► 630 black state legislators ► ► Black governor of Louisiana   Anger and resentment by Southern whites ► ► Desire for autonomy: independent churches, schools, move out West   Exodusters ► ► Sharecropping   White landowners provided seed and farm supplies for as much as half of production ► ► Tenant Farming   White landowners provided land, but not tools and supplies ► ► Only 5% of southern blacks claimed economic independence

Northern Influence on the South ► ► Republicans and Northerners in the South   Scalawags ► ► Southern Republicans fostering American System- type programs ► ► Cooperated with Northern politics and economics   Carpetbaggers ► ► Northerners investing in “New South,” ► ► reformers/provide aid ► ► squatters and plunderers

Southern Life under Reconstruction ► ► Political Corruption   Reconstruction state governments influenced by carpetbaggers and scalawags   Southern perception of corruption steadily increased and white Democrats return to dominate state legislatures ► ► Public services greatly improved   State-funded public education   Infrastructure ► ► Railroads, utilities, waterways ► ► Modernized hospitals and prisons   Highly susceptible to corruption and spending cuts ► ► Economics   Sharecropping and tenant farming not very productive ► ► Crop-liens   Cash crops over food crops slowed Southern recovery ► ► Cotton production significantly decreases in the early years of Reconstruction ► ► As cotton plantations recover and more farmland converted to cotton, prices decrease due to overproduction and profits decrease for farmers   Led to foreclosures, more sharecropping and tenant farming   Tax rates and collection increased

White Southern Resistance ► ► Paramilitary groups based on white supremacy   The South Will Rise Again!   White League ► ► Openly criticized, attacked, killed Republicans and freedmen   Ku Klux Klan (1867) ► ► Nathaniel Bedford Forrest ► ► “invisible empire” to scare or destroy Republicans and freedmen ► ► Force Acts ( ) disband KKK “The Union as it Was” Harper’s Weekly October 1874

The North ► ► As the South struggled to recover, Republicans pursued economic expansion through industry and infrastructure ► ► Political and Financial Corruption   Abuse of patronage (spoils system)   Grant’s connection to stock market speculation, tax fraud, embezzlement ► ► Political Machines   Network of elected officials, businessmen, “behind-the-scenes” people to command the vote ► ► Typically run by an authoritative boss or leadership group ► ► Patronage and spoils system   Provide for underprivileged, immigrants, businesses in return for votes   William “Boss” Tweed and Tammany Hall (Democrats in NYC) ► ► Reaction to Radical Republicanism   Racism entrenched in the North   Immigrants and poor whites feared losing economic opportunities to freedmen and entitled blacks

Evolution of Northern Attitude Toward Blacks During Reconstruction “And Not This Man?” August 1865 “This Is A White Man’s Government” September 1868 “Colored Rule in a Reconstructed State” March 1874 Shown through the political cartoons of Thomas Nast of Harper’s Weekly

Election of 1868 ► ► Republicans   Nominate war hero General Ulysses S. Grant ► ► Democrats   Nominate Horatio Seymour   Radical Republican legislatures in the South limited Democratic influence

Grantism ► ► Civil War hero, but no political experience; linked with moderates and Radicals ► ► Becomes engrossed in corruption links and charges involving his personal secretary, most of his Cabinet, and Vice President   Black Friday Scandal ► ► Jim Fiske and Jay Gould attempted to corner gold market ► ► Had Grant’s brother-in-law convince Grant to halt gold sales   Salary Grab Act (1873) ► ► Double salaries of Congress retroactive to beginning of ending terms   Credit Mobilier ► ► Union Pacific Railroad creates dummy construction company to hire execs at inflated salaries and earn high dividends ► ► Sold stock to Republican congressmen and bribed press to keep quiet   Sanborn Contract Fraud ► ► Congressman John Sanborn hired private tax collector for 50% of commission, some of which went to Republican campaign funds   Whiskey Ring ► ► Republicans embezzled liquor tax revenues using bribes and networks   Secretary of War W.W. Belknap ► ► Accepted bribes for trader contract (Fort Sill)

Impact of Grant Administration ► ► Split in Republicans   Republican Party weakened by less popular Radicals and business corruption   Liberal Republicans ► ► Against Radical legislation and hatred of South ► ► Civil service reform to avoid further corruption ► ► Formed coalition with Democrats   Election of 1872 ► ► Won by Grant given war record and financial support and Greeley’s ineffective campaign and death ► ► Amnesty Act of 1872   Removed voting and office-holding restrictions for most secessionists   Led to Southern Democrats to retake state governments and replace black legislators ► ► Panic of 1873   Driven by railroads collapse, speculation, and overexpansion   Leads to end of Greenbacks and blame placed on “corrupt” Republican Party

“Election” of 1876 ► ► Republicans struggle to nominate “boring” Rutherford B. Hayes ► ► Democrats nominate solid and popular Samuel J. Tilden ► ► Tilden won the popular vote solidly and needed only 1 more electoral vote for majority ► ► Contested electoral votes in 3 Reconstruction states (Louisiana, South Carolina, Florida) ► ► Electoral Commission rewarded 3 sets of electoral votes to Hayes   Split ideologically 8-7 in favor of Republicans Samuel Tilden (D) Rutherford B. Hayes (R)

Compromise of 1877 ► ► Angry Democrats and riots around the nation due to Hayes’ “victory” forced a deal ► ► Hayes will become president, if…   Remove federal troops from the South   Help develop infrastructure in South, ex. Railroads   Appoint Southerner to Cabinet   Limited enforcement of racial equality ► ► End of Reconstruction   With no enforcement by federal troops, civil rights limited or eliminated in the South   Democrats return to power in the South ► ► Redemption Democratic state governments take hold of former Confederate states ► ► Democrats had majorities in House of Representatives in 1875 and also the Senate in 1877