Chapter 10 Agriculture

Economic Activities Primary Sector The primary sector of the economy extracts or harvests products from the earth. The primary sector includes the production of raw material and basic foods. Activities associated with the primary sector include agriculture (both subsistence and commercial), mining, forestry, farming, grazing, hunting and gathering, fishing, and quarrying. The packaging and processing of the raw material associated with this sector is also considered to be part of this sector.

Primary Sector

Secondary Sector *The secondary sector of the economy manufactures finished goods. * All of manufacturing, processing, and construction lies within the secondary sector. * Activities associated with the secondary sector include metal working and smelting, automobile production, textile production, chemical and engineering industries, aerospace manufacturing, energy utilities, engineering, breweries and bottlers, construction, and shipbuilding.

Secondary Sector Jobs

Tertiary Sector The tertiary sector of the economy is the service industry. This sector provides services to the general population and to businesses. Activities associated with this sector include retail and wholesale sales, transportation and distribution, entertainment (movies, television, radio, music, theater, etc.), restaurants, clerical services, media, tourism, insurance, banking, healthcare, and law. In most developed and developing countries, a growing proportion of workers are devoted to the tertiary sector. In the U.S., more than 80% of the labor force are tertiary workers.

Tertiary Sector

Quaternary Sector The quaternary sector of the economy consists of intellectual activities. Activities associated with this sector include government, culture, libraries, scientific research, education, and information technology. The quaternary sector of the economy consists of intellectual activities. Activities associated with this sector include government, culture, libraries, scientific research, education, and information technology.

First Agricultural Revolution The planned cultivation of seed crops. Sowing, watering, harvesting Fertile Crescent

Subsistence Agriculture in the Modern World

What does subsistence farming mean? In the strictest sense—only grow enough to survive Today we use it to describe societies where farmers, with small plots sometimes sell a few pounds of grain on the market, but where poverty is a way of life

Second Agricultural Revolution Similar to the Industrial Revolution in that this was composed of a series of innovations, improvements, and techniques that would generate the kinds of surpluses needed to feed thousands of people who worked the factories instead of the fields.

Von Thünen's Model of Land Use Early in the 19th century Johann Heinrich von Thünen ( ) developed a model of land use that showed how market processes could determine how land in different locations would be used. Von Thünen was a skilled farmer who was knowledgeable in economics.

Think of a bulls eye! Nearest the town, farmers produced commodities that were perishable and commanded high prices, such as dairy products and strawberries. At this level, Von Thunen believed agriculture would be produced with a high level of intensity.

It is simplest to explain von Thünen's model in terms of agricultural land use but it is not limited to that land use. Suppose the land surrounding a city market can be used for: truck farms for growing tomatoes orchards for growing apples wheat farms

The costs for transporting the crops from these uses differ. Let b x be the cost for transporting the product of one acre of land use x a distance of one mile. Furthermore, suppose b tomatoes > b apples > b wheat

Let us now plot a graph in which the horizontal axis is the distance from the city and the vertical axis is the land rent that a user can pay. Consider first the land rent tomato growers can pay at various distances from the city. Farmers at greater distances can pay only a lower rent because of the higher transportation costs for hauling their product to the city.

Intensive or Extensive? Tomatoes Corn Dairy products Wheat Strawberries Potatoes

Society Increased food security for growing populations Thomas Malthus??? What did he say again? Possible solution: GMO Genetically Modified Organism, AKA Genetically Modified Food

Pros and Cons of Genetically Modified Food genetically-modified foods: food plants that have been genetically altered by the addition of foreign genes to enhance a desired trait.

Benefits Crops Enhanced taste and quality Reduced maturation time Increased nutrients, yields, and stress tolerance Improved resistance to disease, pests, and herbicides New products and growing techniques

Animals Increased resistance, productivity, hardiness, and feed efficiency Better yields of meat, eggs, and milk Improved animal health and diagnostic methods

Environment "Friendly" bioherbicides and bioinsecticides Conservation of soil, water, and energy Bioprocessing for forestry products Better natural waste management More efficient processing

Controversies Safety Potential human health impacts, including allergens, transfer of antibiotic resistance markers, unknown effects Potential environmental impacts, including: unintended transfer of transgenes through cross-pollination, unknown effects on other organisms (e.g., soil microbes), and loss of flora and fauna biodiversity

Access and Intellectual Property Domination of world food production by a few companies Increasing dependence on industrialized nations by developing countries Biopiracy, or foreign exploitation of natural resources

Ethics Violation of natural organisms' intrinsic values Tampering with nature by mixing genes among species Objections to consuming animal genes in plants and vice versa Stress for animal

Labeling Not mandatory in some countries (e.g., United States) Mixing GM crops with non-GM products confounds labeling attempts

Society New advances may be skewed to interests of rich countries

Agribusiness

The End……or is it?

Oh wait…there’s more…

And even more????

Last one…for reals! rIyEu6h_E