EVOLUTION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Session I 09: :15 Dr Deepak B Phatak, IIT Bombay

Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT2 SESSION OVERVIEW u Definition of IT –Technology That Permits Us To Capture, Validate, Store, Retrieve, Analyse, Present, Disseminate, And Archieve Information u Growth Of Modern IT

Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT3 FIVE DECADES OF COMPUTER EVOLUTION u The Dark Ages u The Early Electronic Era u The Middle Ages u Proliferation of the IT Culture u The Current Scenario u What does the Future hold

Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT4 PRE-HISTORIC COMPUTERS u Mechanical Computers u Electro-Mechanical Machines u The Early Electronic Era

Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT5 MECHANICAL COMPUTERS u Wilhelm Schickhard 1623 u Blaise Pascal 1642 u Gottfried Liebniz 1671 u Charles Babbage –Difference Engine 1823 –Analytical Engine 1834

Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT6 Mechanical/Electro-mechanical u Arithmometre, Charles Thoma 1820 u Comptometer, D.E. Felt 1885 u Puched-Card Tabulating Machine –Hervnan Hollerith (Census Data) 1890 –Comparing Tabulating Recording Company 1911 –Renamed IBM 1924.

Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT7 Mechanical/Electro-mechanical u Mechanical Computer Z1 –by Konrad Zuse 1938 u Design of General Purpose Computer –Howard Aiken 1937 u Harvard Mark I

Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT8 ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS u Information Transmission at Speed of Light (3,00,000 km/s) u Triode Vacuum Tube – Lee De Forest 1906 u Attempts by Atanasoft in Late 1930’s

Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT9 ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS u ENIAC built –John W. Mauchly & J. Presper Eckert u 30 tons, over 18,000 Vacuum Tubes u Calculation of Ballistics tables u 3 ms for one addition

Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT10 STORED PROGRAM ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS u John Von Neumann ( ) –Consultant to ENIAC Project –Proposed EDVAC 1945 u EDVAC completed in 1951

Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT11 STORED PROGRAM ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS u Manchester MARK I – Williams & Kilburn 1946 u First stored Program –21 June 1948 (GC tootill’s diary) –3.5 million operations to calculate highest factor of an integer. –1,30,000 numbers tested, 52 Min.

Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT u Software in Machine Language u Assembly Languages Evolve u Work Begins on Higher Level Languages.

Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT u FORTRAN Invented in 1956 u COBOL Defined & Released in 1960 u Algol Developed in Europe u 3GL Programming Becomes The Backbone of Application Software u Operating Systems Begin Maturing

Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT (Contd.) u Hardware “Generations” evolve u Transistors Deployed in Second Generation Machines u Early Integrated Circuits Mark Third Generation beginning.

Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT u VLSI, 4th Generation Hardware u Birth of the Microprocessor – Intel 1972 u Main-Frame Centric Computing Becomes Main Stay u Direct Access Storage Devices.

Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT (Contd.) u Software Crisis Recognized u S/W Maintenance Receives Attention u CODASYL Defines First Data Base Management System

Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT u Codd’s work on RDBMS released –IBM System R u Early work on UNIX and C

Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT u RDBMS gains Acceptance u UNIX Replaces proprietary O.S. u Software Engineering Methodologies –Mature and get adopted –Emergence of Standards

Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT (Contd.) u Electronics Goes Sub Micron u Processor Does One Million Instructions Per Second (MIPS) u Winchester Technology for Disks u Semiconductor Memory Used

Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT u Microsoft emerges as the main PC Software Company u Client - Server Computing matures u Object Technologies Gain acceptance u RDBMS products standardization, SQL, SQL-2, Draft SQL3

Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT (Contd.) u DSS, Data Warehousing Defined u On Line Analytical Processing –Notions of Data Mining Emerge u Rapid Growth of Internet u World Wide Web (WWW) u Intranets for Corporate Computing

Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT (Contd.) u Transaction Processing better understood. u Evoluation of SMP and MPP architectures u Digital announces one BIPS processor

Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT (Contd.) u Serious work begins on Embedded Systems u LAN’s and WAN’s Gain Momentum u Network Computer Emerges

Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT24 CURRENT SCENARIO u Broad spectrum of Resources u Very Large (24 x 7) OLTP Servers u Distributed Computing is the Norm u Embedded Systems are Evolving –Smart Cards –Intelligent Appliances

Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT25 CURRENT SCENARIO u Massive Data Warehouses u Packaged Software Gains Currency –Make V/s Buy Decision u Media Independent Data Formats u Flexible Delivery Mechanisms

Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT26 THE EMERGING FUTURE u Internet Outlets in all Buildings u Information Bonanza –Anywhere, Anytime, Any form u Intelligent Appliances Everywhere u Software Crisis will Deepen u Change Management ??