2. ITGS Chapter 1: Computer history and basics. Slide 1

3. Slide 2 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computing Before Computers Charles Babbage (1791-1871)  19th-century mathematics professor at Cambridge The Analytical Engine, Lady Lovelace (1823)  Mother of all computers, conceived by Charles Babbage  Could be programmed with punched cards  Could carry out any calculation to 20 digits of accuracy © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

4. Slide 3 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computing Before Computers Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace  Interpreter and promoter of Babbage’s visionary work  Wrote a plan for using the Analytical Engine to calculate sequences of Bernoulli numbers  Often called the first computer programmer © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

5. Slide 4 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Living without Computers Computers are no longer a luxury but rather a commodity Computers and their applications are involved in all aspects of our daily life © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

6. Slide 5 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea Every computer in use today follows the basic plan laid out by Babbage and Lady Lovelace The computer is an incredibly versatile tool  Can compute your taxes or deploy a missile © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

7. Slide 6 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea All computers take in information called input and give out information called output © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

8. Slide 7 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued) The computer's versatility is built upon its:  Hardware: The physical part  Software: The instructions that tells hardware how to transform the input data (information in a form it can read) into the necessary output © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

9. Slide 8 The First Real Computers:  1939: Konrad Zuse completed the first programmable, general-purpose digital computer © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued)

10. Slide 9  At about the same time, the British government was assembling a top-secret team of mathematicians and engineers to crack Nazi military codes  1943: The team, led by mathematician Alan Turing and others, completed Colossus, considered by many to be the first electronic digital computer © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued)

11. Slide 10 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued)  1939: Iowa State University professor John Atanasoff developed what could have been the first electronic digital computer, the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

12. Slide 11 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued)  1944: Thanks to a one million dollar grant from IBM, Harvard professor Howard Aiken developed the Mark I © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

13. Slide 12 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued)  John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert helped the U.S. effort in World War II by constructing a machine to calculate trajectory tables for new guns  called ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)  After the war, Mauchly and Eckert started a private company called Sperry and created UNIVAC I, the first general-purpose commercial computer © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

14. Slide 13 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued) Evolution and Acceleration  Vacuum tubes were used in early computers  Transistors replaced vacuum tubes starting in 1956  By the mid-1960s transistors were replaced by integrated circuits © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

15. Slide 14 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued)  Integrated circuits brought:  Increased reliability  Smaller size  Higher speed  Higher efficiency  Lower cost © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

16. Slide 15 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued) The Microcomputer Revolution  1971: The first microprocessor was invented by Intel engineers  The microcomputer revolution began in 1970:  Apple  Commodore  Tandy  Desktop computers haven’t completely replaced big computers, which have also evolved © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

17. Slide 16 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy Mainframes and Supercomputers  Mainframes  Used by large organizations, such as banks and airlines, for big computing jobs © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

18. Slide 17 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy  Supercomputers  For power users who need access to the fastest, most powerful computers made © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

19. Slide 18 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy Servers, Workstations, and PCs  Servers  Computers designed to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

20. Slide 19 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy  Workstations  High-end desktop computers with massive computing power used for high-end interactive applications © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

21. Slide 20 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy  PCs: Serve a single user at a time  Common applications include:  word processing, accounting, gaming, and enjoying digital music and video © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

22. Slide 21 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy (continued)  Portable Computers: Machines that are not tied to the desktop  Notebooks (laptops)  Handheld computers (PDAs) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

23. Slide 22 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy Embedded Computers  Special-purpose computer: Dedicated computers that perform specific tasks  Controlling the temperature and humidity  Monitoring your heart rate  Monitoring your house security system © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.