Chapter 4 Life in the Marine Environment

Energy

The ability to do work All living things require energy

Metabolism

The sum total of all the chemical reaction that take place in an organism

Anabolism

Reactions that build up Reactions that require energy

Catabolism

Reactions that break down biomolecules Reactions that give off energy

Common atoms found in living things

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen

Building Blocks of Life

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates Sugars & starches Structure, energy storage, & intermediates in metabolic pathways

Lipids Fats & oils Energy storage & membrane structure

Proteins Long chain amino acids Every possible use

Nucleic Acids DNA & RNA Carrying the genetic code

Carbon Fixation

Changing atmospheric carbon (CO 2 ) to a usable form CO > C 6 H 12 O 6

Photosynthesis

Using energy from light to convert CO 2 to organic matter (carbon fixation) Anabolic reaction

Chlorophyll

The main pigment that absorbs sunlight in the photosynthetic process

Main Photosynthetic Reaction

6 CO H 2 O > C 6 H 12 O O 2

Respiration

The breakdown of organic matter producing energy, CO 2 & H 2 O Catabolic rxn Reverse of Photo. Rxn

Autotrophs

Perform carbon fixation Produce their own food

Photoautotroph

Obtains energy from light to perform carbon fixation Photosynthetic organisms

Chemoautotroph

Obtains energy from high energy chemicals to perform carbon fixation Chemosynthetic organisms

Heterotrophs

Cannot produce their own food Must consume food

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate Energy carrier in living organisms ATP ---> ADP + P + E

Primary Production

Another name for carbon fixation

Primary Producers

Make their own food Carbon fixers Autotrophs

Consumers

Must consume food Heterotrophs

Resources

Anything an organism needs to survive

Nutrients

Raw materials other than light, CO 2, O 2, & H 2 O that organisms need to survive

Types of Cells

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Prokaryote Primitive Lack organelles No Nucleus

Eukaryotic Cells

Advanced cells Organelles within membranes Has Nucleus

Types of Eukaryotic Cells

Plant Cells Animal Cells

Plant Cell Has cell walls Has chloroplasts Has huge vacuole

Animal Cell Has no cell wall Has no chloroplasts Has smaller vacuoles

Levels of Organization

AtomSystem MoleculeIndividual OrganellePopulation Cell Community TissueEcosystem Organ

Atom Fundamental unit of matter Oxygen, Hydrogen, etc

Molecule Group of atoms chemically combined H 2 O, CO 2, C 6 H 12 O 6

Organelle Complex structure bound within membrane Nucleus, mitochondria, etc

Cell Basic unit of life

Tissue Group of cells specialized for the same function Muscle tissue

Organ Tissue organized into structures Stomach, heart, etc

Organ System A group of organs that work in cooperation Digestive system, etc

Individual An organism Human, amoeba, etc

Population The number of organisms in a particular species 8,000,000 rats in Baltimore

Community All the populations in a habitat Humans, rats, roaches, etc in Baltimore

Ecosystem Community of communities bound in a common area Chesapeake Bay Basin

Classification of organisms based on mobility

Planktonic Nektonic Benthic

Planktonic

Cannot swim faster than the ocean currents Free floating of free drifting

Nektonic

Can swim against the currents Free swimming

Benthic

Bottom dwelling

Sessile

Attached to a surface

Diffusion

The movement of particles down an energy gradient hot to cold, etc

Osmosis

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Osmoregulator

Organisms that can regulate their internal salt content

Osmoconformer

Organisms that cannot regulate their internal salt content

Endotherm Homeotherm Warm Blooded

Organisms that can control their internal body temperature

Ectotherm Poikilotherm Cold Blooded

Organisms that cannot control their internal body temperature

Reproduction

The ability of organisms to produce new organisms similar to themselves

Modes of Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction that does not involve a partner Binary fission Budding Vegetative reproduction

Binary Fission

Mitosis One organism split into 2 identical organisms Cloning

Budding

Parent cell develops small growth (Bud) that breaks off & becomes new organism

Vegetative Reproduction

Sending various kinds of runners that take root and sever from the parent to become new individual

Germ Tissue

Specialized tissue used in sexual reproduction

Meiosis

Specialized reproduction germ cells perform that divides diploid cells into haploid cells

Diploid Cells

Normal cells that have two similar sets of chromosomes 2n

Haploid Cells

Gametes that have only one set of chromosomes 1n or n

Gametes

The male or female haploid cells Sperm - male Egg - female

Gonads

The germ tissue that produces haploid cells Ovaries - Female Testes - Male

Fertilization

The process in which the sperm contacts & fuses with the egg

Zygote

Fertilized egg

Embryo

Name for the fertilized egg after cell division begins

Heredity

The transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next

Natural Selection

The individuals that have the best adaptive traits have the greatest survival rate Survival of the fittest

Evolution

Genetic changes over time due to natural selection

Phylogeny

Evolutionary history of a species

Taxonomy

Classification of organisms

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species

Kingdoms

Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Archaebacteria

Primative bacteria Prokaryotes Thermophiles Halophiles

Eubacteria

Advanced bacteria True bacteria Prokaryotes

Protista

Unicellular eukaryotes and multi-cellular algae

Fungi

Plant like heterotrophs

Plantae

Complex organisms that perform photosynthesis Have cell walls Have chloroplasts

Animalia

Complex heterotrophs No cell walls No Chloroplasts