1. Created by
Mrs. Herman
Sept. 2012

2. Cell Theory All living things are made of one or more cells
The cell is the smallest unit of life
All new cells come from preexisting cells

4. Plant Cells
Animal Cells

5. The Parts (Organelles) of the Cell

6. Organelle: Cell Membrane
A flexible covering that protects the inside of the cell from the surrounding environment. These are found in BOTH plant and animal cells.
Like putting stuff in a ziploc bag. The ziploc bag acts like a cell membrane, keeping the stuff inside safe and keeping the outside stuff out.

7. Organelle: Cell Wall Only in plant cells
A stiff structure outside the cell membrane
Adds support to the cell and helps the plant keep its shape.
Like taking that ziploc and putting it into a shoe box. Example when you step on grass. That grass may be flattened but it will eventually stand back up.

8. A fluid inside a cell that contains salts and other molecules.
Organelle: Cytoplasm
A fluid inside a cell that contains salts and other molecules.

9. What is a mitochondria? What are chloroplasts?
The power plant of the cell. They break down food molecules so that the cell has energy to live.
What are chloroplasts?
Only in plants, they use light to make food (glucose) from water (H₂O) and carbon dioxide(CO₂) during photosynthesis.

10. What are Vacuoles?
Bubbles that float in the cell that store food, water and waste materials.

11. Organelle: Nucleus What is DNA?
Directs cell activities and contains the DNA.
What is DNA?
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is an organism’s genetic material.

12. Cells come in many shapes

13. Photosynthesis
A series of chemical reactions that convert light energy, water and carbon dioxide into the food-energy molecule glucose and give off oxygen.
Occurs in the chloroplasts of a plant cell
Chloroplasts contain the pigment chlorophyll, a chemical that absorbs and reflects light.
Leaves appear green because the chlorophyll reflects green light and absorbs all the other colors of light.

14. Photosynthesis C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ 6CO₂ + 6H₂O Light energy Chlorophyll
C=Carbon
O=oxygen
H=hydrogen
CO₂ = carbon dioxide
H₂O = water
C₆H₁₂O₆ = sugar/glucose

15. Cellular Respiration
A series of chemical reactions that convert the energy in the chemical bonds in food molecules into a useable form of energy that cells can use called ATP.
Cellular Respiration takes place in the mitochondrion of the cells in ALL (plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, etc.) living things.

16. Cellular Respiration- ATP
All living organisms require energy (usable power) to survive.
ATP= (adenosine triphosphate)
ATP is the energy used for all cellular processes (everything the every cell does)
Example: muscle contraction uses 2 million ATP molecules per second. Without ATP we would die.

17. Cellular Respiration C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
(glucose) (energy)

18. DNA and Cell Cycle

20. DNA and Chromosomes DNA is in the cell of every living thing.
Eukaryotic in nucleus
Prokaryotic in cell
A Chromosome is coiled DNA.
Humans have 46 chromosomes.

21. Chromosomes in living things
Black Mulberry
Plants
308
Agrodiaetus butterfly
Animals
268

22. CELL CYCLE

23. Cell Cycle
Cells are damaged, lost or die all the time. New cells must be created to replace them.
Cells make complete copies of themselves including an exact copy of their DNA.
The steps that cells go through are called the Cell Cycle and each step is a phase.

24. New daughter cell

25. This is the normal state of a cell or the resting state.
Interphase
This is the normal state of a cell or the resting state.
It's just going about its daily business of surviving and making sure it has all of the nutrients and energy it needs. It is also getting ready for another division that will happen one day. It is duplicating its nucleic acids, so when it's time for prophase again, all the pieces are there.

27. What is Mitosis?
A cell and its nucleus divide and produce two identical cells.
This process is important for growth, to repair or replace damaged tissue.
The two daughter cells have the same genetic information (DNA) as the original cell.

28. The phases of mitosis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-PMXatafIXc

29. Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction is when chromosomes from two different cells combine, producing offspring.
egg
sperm
zygote

30. What is Meiosis
Meiosis is the type of cell division by which gametes (eggs or sperm) are formed.
Two divisions result in 4 different daughter cells that have half of the total number of chromosomes (23).
When an egg and sperm combine during fertilization, the embryo will have the normal amount of chromosomes (46).

31. Meiosis

32. Comparing the two types of cell division