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Study of Biology
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*What is Biology?
Biology is the study of all living things
Living things are called organisms
Organisms include bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, & animals
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3. *All Living Things Share Common Characteristics
Basic Unit is the Cell
They Reproduce
All Based On Universal Genetic Code (DNA)
Grow & Develop
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4. *Common Characteristics
Obtain & Use Materials & Energy
Respond To Their Environment
Maintain A Stable Internal Environment – called Homeostasis
AS A GROUP, Living Things Evolve, That Is They Change Over Time
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5. Characteristics of Organisms
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6. All Organisms are made of Cells
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Facts About Cells
Cells are the smallest living unit of an organism
All cells contain living material called cytoplasm
All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane that controls what enters & leaves the cell
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More Cell Facts
Cells are complex & highly organized
Cells have parts called organelles that do different jobs
e.g. Chloroplasts in plants make sugars
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9. SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] - Compare the structures and organelles of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

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*More Cell Facts
The simplest cells are called Prokaryotes
These cells DO NOT have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Bacteria are examples
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*More Cell Facts
More complex cells are called Eukaryotes
These cells DO have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Plants, animals, protists, & fungi are examples
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12. *Organisms are Grouped by their Number of Cells
Unicellular Organisms
Living Organism Made Up Of One Cell
Multicellular Organisms
Living Organism Made Up Of Many, Specialized Cells
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13. Organisms Reproduce to Pass on their Genetic Traits
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14. Two Types of Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Involves 2 parents
Egg fertilized by sperm to make a ZYGOTE
Offspring DIFFERENT from parents
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15. Two Types of Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Involves a single organism or cell
Cell divides
Offspring IDENTICAL to parent
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16. Cells Have a Genetic Code
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17. SCI.9-12.B-4.2 - [Indicator] - Summarize the relationship among DNA, genes, and chromosomes.
SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] - Explain how DNA functions as the code of life and the blueprint for proteins.

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Genetic Code
DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) carries the genetic code for all organisms
All organisms contain DNA
DNA codes for the proteins that make up cells & do all the work
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19. Organisms Grow & Develop
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Growth & Development
Organisms grow by producing MORE CELLS & by cell ENLARGEMENT
Organisms develop as they mature into an adult organism
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21. Cells Require Food & Energy

22. SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] - Recognize the overall structure of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-namely, adenine, the sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups-and summarize its function (including the ATP-ADP [adenosine diphosphate] cycle).

23. * All living organisms use energy in form of ATP
ATP = Adenosine triphosphate Adenine + ribose+ phosphate = AMP Adenine + ribose+ phosphate phosphate = ADP

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Food Requirements
Autotrophs can make their own food**
Photoautotrophs use sunlight to make food (photosynthesis)
Chemoautotrophs use chemicals such as iron & sulfur as their energy
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Food Requirements
Heterotrophs can NOT make their own food**
They must consume other organisms**
Herbivores eat plants
Carnivores eat meat
Omnivores eat plants & animals
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Metabolism
Sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism
All require energy
Sunlight is the ultimate energy for life on Earth
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27. Metabolism Cellular Respiration
Cells releasing the chemical energy stored in foods
6O2 + C6H12O CO2 + 6H2O

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SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] - Summarize the overall process by which photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy and interpret the chemical equation for the process.
SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] - Summarize the basic aerobic and anaerobic processes of cellular respiration and interpret the chemical equation for cellular respiration.
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29. Organisms Respond to Stimuli
Organisms Respond to stimuli (Temperature, Water, Food Supplies, etc.) In Order To Survive & Reproduce
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*Homeostasis
Keeping The Internal Environment (Homeostasis) Of The Cell or Organism Within The Ranges Required For Life
Stable internal conditions of pH, temperature, water balance, etc.
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Living Things Evolve
Groups Of Organisms (Not Individuals) Change Over Time In Order To Survive Within Changing Environments.
Fossil records show changes in groups of organisms
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32. Life is Organized on Several Levels
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33.   SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] - Explain the process of cell differentiation as the basis for the hierarchical organization of organisms (including cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems).

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Levels
Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells – life starts here
Tissues
Organs
System
Organism
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Levels
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
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