Chapter 12 Forces and Motion

12.1 ForcesForces and Motion 12.1 Forces A force is a push or pull that acts on an object. A force is a push or pull that acts on an object. A force can cause a resting object to move, or it can accelerate a moving object by changing the object’s speed or direction. A force can cause a resting object to move, or it can accelerate a moving object by changing the object’s speed or direction. What is a Force?

12.1 ForcesForces and Motion Units of Force Force is measured in newtons (N). Force is measured in newtons (N). One newton is the force that causes a 1-kilogram mass to accelerate at a rate of 1 m/s/s. One newton is the force that causes a 1-kilogram mass to accelerate at a rate of 1 m/s/s. A newton is equal to 1 kg-m per second per second (kg∙m/s 2 ). A newton is equal to 1 kg-m per second per second (kg∙m/s 2 ).

12.1 ForcesForces and Motion Representing Forces The direction and strength of a force can be represented by an arrow. The direction and strength of a force can be represented by an arrow. The direction of the arrow represents the direction of the force. The direction of the arrow represents the direction of the force. The length of the arrow represents the magnitude of the force. The length of the arrow represents the magnitude of the force.

12.1 ForcesForces and Motion Combining Forces Force arrows can be combined to show the result of how forces combine. Force arrows can be combined to show the result of how forces combine. Forces in the same direction add together and forces in opposite directions subtract from one another. Forces in the same direction add together and forces in opposite directions subtract from one another. The net force is the overall force acting on an object after all the forces are combined. The net force is the overall force acting on an object after all the forces are combined.

12.1 ForcesForces and Motion Balanced Forces Balanced forces are forces that combine to produce a net force of zero. Balanced forces are forces that combine to produce a net force of zero. When forces on an object are balanced, the net force is zero and there is no change in the object’s motion. When forces on an object are balanced, the net force is zero and there is no change in the object’s motion. An unlimited number of individual forces can act on an object and still produce a net force of zero. An unlimited number of individual forces can act on an object and still produce a net force of zero.

12.1 ForcesForces and Motion Unbalanced Forces An unbalanced force is a force that results when the net force acting on an object is not equal to zero. An unbalanced force is a force that results when the net force acting on an object is not equal to zero. When an unbalanced force acts on an object, the object accelerates. When an unbalanced force acts on an object, the object accelerates.

12.1 ForcesForces and MotionFriction All moving objects are subject to friction, a force that opposes the motion of objects that touch as they move past each other. All moving objects are subject to friction, a force that opposes the motion of objects that touch as they move past each other. Friction acts at the surface where objects are in contact. Friction acts at the surface where objects are in contact.

12.1 ForcesForces and Motion There are four main types of friction: There are four main types of friction: static friction static friction sliding (kinetic) friction sliding (kinetic) friction rolling friction rolling friction fluid friction (drag) fluid friction (drag)

12.1 ForcesForces and Motion Static Friction Static friction is the friction force that acts on objects that are not moving. Static friction is the friction force that acts on objects that are not moving. Static friction always acts in the direction opposite to that of the applied force. Static friction always acts in the direction opposite to that of the applied force.

12.1 ForcesForces and Motion

12.1 ForcesForces and Motion Sliding Friction Once an object is moving, static friction no longer acts on it. Once an object is moving, static friction no longer acts on it. Instead, a smaller friction force called sliding (kinetic) friction acts on the object. Instead, a smaller friction force called sliding (kinetic) friction acts on the object. Sliding friction is a force that opposes the direction of motion of an object as it slides over a surface. Sliding friction is a force that opposes the direction of motion of an object as it slides over a surface.

12.1 ForcesForces and Motion Because sliding friction is less than static friction, less force is needed to keep an object moving than to start it moving. Because sliding friction is less than static friction, less force is needed to keep an object moving than to start it moving.

12.1 ForcesForces and Motion Rolling Friction Rolling friction acts on rolling objects. Rolling friction acts on rolling objects. For a given set of materials, the force of rolling friction is about 100 to 1000 times less than force of static or sliding friction. For a given set of materials, the force of rolling friction is about 100 to 1000 times less than force of static or sliding friction.

12.1 ForcesForces and Motion Fluid Friction The force of fluid friction opposes the motion of an object through a fluid. The force of fluid friction opposes the motion of an object through a fluid. Fluid friction increases as the speed of the object moving through the fluid increases. Fluid friction increases as the speed of the object moving through the fluid increases. Fluid friction acting on an object moving through the air is known as air resistance. Fluid friction acting on an object moving through the air is known as air resistance. At higher speeds, air resistance can become a significant force. At higher speeds, air resistance can become a significant force.

12.1 ForcesForces and MotionGravity Gravity is a force that acts between any two masses. Gravity is a force that acts between any two masses. Gravity is an attractive force, that is, it pulls objects together. Gravity is an attractive force, that is, it pulls objects together. Gravity is a field force in that it does not require objects to be in contact for it to act on them. Gravity is a field force in that it does not require objects to be in contact for it to act on them. Earth’s gravity acts downward toward the center of Earth. Earth’s gravity acts downward toward the center of Earth.

12.1 ForcesForces and Motion Falling Objects Gravity causes objects to accelerate downward, whereas air resistance acts in the direction opposite to the motion and reduces acceleration. Gravity causes objects to accelerate downward, whereas air resistance acts in the direction opposite to the motion and reduces acceleration. As objects fall to the ground, they accelerate. As objects fall to the ground, they accelerate.

12.1 ForcesForces and Motion If an object falls for a long time, the upward force of air resistance becomes equal to the downward force of gravity. If an object falls for a long time, the upward force of air resistance becomes equal to the downward force of gravity. At this point, the forces acting on the object are balanced. At this point, the forces acting on the object are balanced. Acceleration is zero and the object continues falling at a constant velocity. Acceleration is zero and the object continues falling at a constant velocity.

12.1 ForcesForces and Motion Terminal velocity is the constant velocity of a falling object when the force of air resistance equals the force of gravity. Terminal velocity is the constant velocity of a falling object when the force of air resistance equals the force of gravity.

12.1 ForcesForces and Motion

12.1 ForcesForces and MotionProjectile Motion Projectile motion is the motion of a falling object after it is given an initial forward velocity. Projectile motion is the motion of a falling object after it is given an initial forward velocity. Air resistance and gravity are the only forces acting on a projectile. Air resistance and gravity are the only forces acting on a projectile.

12.1 ForcesForces and Motion Figure 9 shows the motion of two balls released at the same time. Figure 9 shows the motion of two balls released at the same time. Figure 9A shows that balls of different masses fall at the same rate. Figure 9A shows that balls of different masses fall at the same rate. Figure 9B shows a ball given an initial horizontal velocity falls vertically at the same rate as a ball with zero horizontal velocity. Figure 9B shows a ball given an initial horizontal velocity falls vertically at the same rate as a ball with zero horizontal velocity.

12.1 ForcesForces and Motion The combination of an initial forward velocity and the downward force of gravity causes the ball to follow a curved path. The combination of an initial forward velocity and the downward force of gravity causes the ball to follow a curved path. The two balls fall with the same vertical acceleration and strike the ground at the same time. The two balls fall with the same vertical acceleration and strike the ground at the same time.

12.1 ForcesForces and Motion

12.1 ForcesForces and Motion

12.2 Newton's First and Second Laws of MotionForces and Motion 12.2 Newton’s First and Second Laws of Motion

12.2 Newton's First and Second Laws of MotionForces and Motion Newton’s First Law of Motion Newton summarized his study of force and motion in several laws of motion. Newton summarized his study of force and motion in several laws of motion. According to Newton’s first law of motion, the state of motion of an object does not change as long as the net force acting on the object is zero. According to Newton’s first law of motion, the state of motion of an object does not change as long as the net force acting on the object is zero.

12.2 Newton's First and Second Laws of MotionForces and Motion Unless an unbalanced force acts on it, Unless an unbalanced force acts on it, an object at rest remains at rest an object at rest remains at rest an object in motion remains in motion with the same speed and direction. an object in motion remains in motion with the same speed and direction. Newton’s first law is sometimes called the law of inertia. Newton’s first law is sometimes called the law of inertia. Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion. Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion.

12.2 Newton's First and Second Laws of MotionForces and Motion Newton’s Second Law of Motion An unbalanced, or net force causes an object’s velocity to change. An unbalanced, or net force causes an object’s velocity to change.

12.2 Newton's First and Second Laws of MotionForces and Motion The acceleration is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object. The acceleration is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object. Acceleration also depends upon the mass of the object (inversely proportional) Acceleration also depends upon the mass of the object (inversely proportional) Mass is a measure of inertia of an object and depends on the amount of matter the object contains. Mass is a measure of inertia of an object and depends on the amount of matter the object contains.

12.2 Newton's First and Second Laws of MotionForces and Motion According to Newton’s second law of motion, the acceleration of an object is equal to the net force acting on it divided by the object’s mass. According to Newton’s second law of motion, the acceleration of an object is equal to the net force acting on it divided by the object’s mass. The equation is a=F/m or more familiarly F=ma. The equation is a=F/m or more familiarly F=ma. The acceleration of an object is always in the same direction as the net force. The acceleration of an object is always in the same direction as the net force.

12.2 Newton's First and Second Laws of MotionForces and Motion Newton’s second law also applies when a net force acts in the direction opposite to the object’s motion. Newton’s second law also applies when a net force acts in the direction opposite to the object’s motion.

12.2 Newton's First and Second Laws of MotionForces and Motion

12.2 Newton's First and Second Laws of MotionForces and Motion Weight and Mass Although related to each other, mass and weight are not the same. Although related to each other, mass and weight are not the same. Weight is the force of gravity acting on an object. Weight is the force of gravity acting on an object. An object’s weight is the product of the object’s mass and acceleration due to gravity acting on it. An object’s weight is the product of the object’s mass and acceleration due to gravity acting on it. The equation is W=mg. The equation is W=mg.

12.3 Newton's Third Law of Motion and MomentumForces and Motion 12.3 Newton’s Third Law of Motion and Momentum A force cannot exist alone. A force cannot exist alone. Forces always exist in pairs. Forces always exist in pairs. According to Newton’s third law of motion, whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first object. According to Newton’s third law of motion, whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first object. Newton’s Third Law

12.3 Newton's Third Law of Motion and MomentumForces and Motion These two forces are called action and reaction forces. These two forces are called action and reaction forces. The forces are equal in size and opposite in direction. The forces are equal in size and opposite in direction. The forces do not cancel each other because they act on different objects. The forces do not cancel each other because they act on different objects.

12.3 Newton's Third Law of Motion and MomentumForces and MotionMomentum Momentum is the product of an object’s mass and its velocity. Momentum is the product of an object’s mass and its velocity. The momentum for any object at rest is zero. The momentum for any object at rest is zero. Momentum is calculated by multiplying an object’s mass (in kg) and its velocity (in m/s). Momentum is calculated by multiplying an object’s mass (in kg) and its velocity (in m/s).

12.3 Newton's Third Law of Motion and MomentumForces and Motion The formula is p=mv. The formula is p=mv. Momentum is measured in kg∙m/s. Momentum is measured in kg∙m/s.

12.3 Newton's Third Law of Motion and MomentumForces and Motion Conservation of Momentum Under certain conditions, collisions obey the law of conservation of momentum. Under certain conditions, collisions obey the law of conservation of momentum. In physics, conservation means that something has a constant value. In physics, conservation means that something has a constant value. Conservation of momentum means that momentum does not increase or decrease. Conservation of momentum means that momentum does not increase or decrease.

12.3 Newton's Third Law of Motion and MomentumForces and Motion A closed system means other objects and forces cannot enter or leave the system. A closed system means other objects and forces cannot enter or leave the system. Objects within the system can exert forces on one another. Objects within the system can exert forces on one another.

12.3 Newton's Third Law of Motion and MomentumForces and Motion According to the law of conservation of momentum, if no net force acts on a system, then the total momentum of the system does not change. According to the law of conservation of momentum, if no net force acts on a system, then the total momentum of the system does not change. In a closed system the loss of momentum of one object equals the gain in momentum of another object In a closed system the loss of momentum of one object equals the gain in momentum of another object momentum is conserved momentum is conserved

12.3 Newton's Third Law of Motion and MomentumForces and Motion Conservation of Momentum

12.3 Newton's Third Law of Motion and MomentumForces and Motion Conservation of Momentum

12.4 Universal ForcesForces and Motion 12.4 Universal Forces Observations of planets, stars, and galaxies strongly suggest four different forces exist throughout the universe. Observations of planets, stars, and galaxies strongly suggest four different forces exist throughout the universe. The four universal forces are The four universal forces are electromagnetic electromagnetic strong nuclear strong nuclear weak nuclear weak nuclear gravitational gravitational

12.4 Universal ForcesForces and Motion Electromagnetic Forces Electric and magnetic forces are two different aspects of the electromagnetic force. Electric and magnetic forces are two different aspects of the electromagnetic force. Electromagnetic force is associated with charged particles. Electromagnetic force is associated with charged particles. Electric force and magnetic force are the only forces that both attract and repel. Electric force and magnetic force are the only forces that both attract and repel.

12.4 Universal ForcesForces and Motion Electric Forces Objects with opposite charges attract each other. Objects with opposite charges attract each other. Objects with like charges repel each other. Objects with like charges repel each other.

12.4 Universal ForcesForces and Motion Magnetic Forces Magnetic forces act on certain metals, on the poles of magnets, and on moving charges. Magnetic forces act on certain metals, on the poles of magnets, and on moving charges. Magnets have two poles that attract each other. Magnets have two poles that attract each other. Like poles repel each other. Like poles repel each other.

12.4 Universal ForcesForces and Motion Nuclear Forces Two forces, the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force, act within the nucleus to hold it together. Two forces, the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force, act within the nucleus to hold it together.

12.4 Universal ForcesForces and Motion Strong Nuclear Force The strong nuclear force is a powerful force of attraction that acts only on the neutrons and protons in the nucleus. The strong nuclear force is a powerful force of attraction that acts only on the neutrons and protons in the nucleus. Although this force acts over only extremely short distances, it is 100 times stronger than the electric force of repulsion at these distances. Although this force acts over only extremely short distances, it is 100 times stronger than the electric force of repulsion at these distances.

12.4 Universal ForcesForces and Motion Weak Nuclear Force The weak nuclear force is an attractive force that acts only over a range that is shorter than the strong nuclear force. The weak nuclear force is an attractive force that acts only over a range that is shorter than the strong nuclear force. The existence of beta decay indicates that there must a force much weaker than the strong nuclear force. The existence of beta decay indicates that there must a force much weaker than the strong nuclear force.

12.4 Universal ForcesForces and Motion Gravitational Force Gravity is the weakest universal force. Gravity is the weakest universal force. Gravitational force is an attractive force that acts between any two masses. Gravitational force is an attractive force that acts between any two masses. Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that every object in the universe attracts every other object. Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that every object in the universe attracts every other object. F=G(m 1 m 2 /d 2 ) F=G(m 1 m 2 /d 2 ) Value of G is 6.67× N∙m 2 /kg 2 Value of G is 6.67× N∙m 2 /kg 2

12.4 Universal ForcesForces and Motion Gravity Acts Over Large Distances The gravitational force between two objects is proportional to their masses. The gravitational force between two objects is proportional to their masses. Gravitational force decreases with the square of the distance between the objects. Gravitational force decreases with the square of the distance between the objects. Gravity is the weakest universal force but it is the most effective force over long distances. Gravity is the weakest universal force but it is the most effective force over long distances.