Chapter 8 Life at the Turn of the 20 th Century Segregation and Discrimination Objectives: 1.To analyze significant turn-of-the century trends in such areas as technology, education, and mass culture. 2.To trace the race relations at the turn of the century 3.To describe the est. of segregation and discrimination at the turn of the century

Ch 8 Vocab  Louis Sullivan, Daniel Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted, Orville and Wilbur Wright, George Eastman  Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, W.E.B. Du Bois, Niagara movement  Ida B. Wells, poll tax, grandfather clause, segregation, Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson, debt peonage  Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst, Ashcan school, Mark Twain, rural free delivery

Day 1  Notes

Urban Planning  Skyscrapers – built because of limited space  Daniel Burnham, Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright – leading architects

Early Sky Scrapers  Louis Sullivan’s Wainwright Bldg.  St. Louis, Missouri  Burnham’s Flatiron Building  New York City  First slender tower

 Frederick Law Olmsted – landscape designer - led movement for planned urban parks. He designed Boston’s Emerald Necklace parks.  Central Park in New York was a haven from busy city life.

New Technologies: 1.Printing revolution – use of wood pulp to make cheaper paper led to more newspapers and higher literacy rates 2.Orville and Wilbur Wright – first successful air flight lasted for 12 seconds. Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.

Day 2

Turn of the Century Public Education:  School weeks per year  Ages 8-14  Strict discipline, physical punishment  By late 1880’s, kindergartens began to be popular  By early 1900’s, high schools offered variety in courses, including sciences, social studies, & vocational courses.

 African Americans mostly attended private high schools with no help from the gov’t.  Not until late 1940’s did education become available to majority of African Americans  Even immigrants were more encouraged to go to school.  Only a small number of students attended colleges and universities, but between , numbers quadrupled.

Education affected culture:  As education improved, people’s culture improved. Art galleries, libraries, and museums opened.  At least one art gallery in every major city.  Important Am. artists: Thomas Eakins and Robert Henri emphasized social realism.  The Ashcan School of art portrayed urban poverty and everyday life.

 Public libraries called “poor man’s universities” opened.  Realism also affected literature.

Writers:  Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens)  Theodore Dreiser  Willa Cather  Stephen Crane  Jack London

 “Dime novels” were popular novels that glorified the West.  Many people didn’t want to read realism.

 African-Americans were excluded from libraries and art museums, and basically all other cultural events.

Day 4  Notes

Rise of Mass Culture:  Middle class Americans shared cultural activities by the late 1800’s – called mass culture.

Mass Culture 2  Amusement parks opened = Coney Island in NYC.  Bicycling and tennis became popular sports, even for women.  New snacks became common such as Coca Cola and Hershey’s chocolate bars.

Spectator sports  Spectator sports rose in popularity. (boxing and baseball)  Baseball – 1869 – first professional team called Cincinnati Red Stockings  1876 – National Baseball League and 1900 –American Baseball League  1903 – first World Series  Negro National League was formed in 1920  There were also many other new forms of entertainment.

 Vaudeville theatre formed. These were performances including songs, dancing, juggling, slapstick comedy, chorus lines, etc. became popular.  The circus of Barnum and Bailey hosted the “Greatest Show on Earth”, 1871.

 The first one-reel movie, An 8-10 minute silent feature called “The Great Train Robbery” debuted in 5 cent theatres called nickelodeons.

 Ragtime music blended A-Am. spirituals and European music forms, originated in the south.  Scott Joplin’s ragtime compositions made him famous in the early 1900’s.

 Ragtime paved the way for jazz, rhythm and blues, and rock and roll. Joplin

Newspapers o Mass production and circulation of newspapers rose. o U.S. newspapers used sensational headlines to sell papers o Joseph Pulitzer started the first Sunday newspaper edition, first comics, first sports coverage, and first women’s news page.  His newspaper was the New York World.

Randolph Hearst Joseph Pulitzer

“Yellow Journalism”.  William Randolph Hearst – Pulitzer’s biggest competitor, published scandals and exaggerated stories of sensational events that became known as sensationalism or “yellow journalism”.

 Newspapers also advertised new kinds of shopping.  Marshall Field’s in Chicago was the first department store.  Chain stores such as Woolworth’s opened. Sold cheap goods…nickel and dime store.

 Montgomery Ward and Sears Roebuck brought retail to small towns through catalogs.  By 1896, the Post Office developed RFD – rural free delivery to every home.  Despite this new prosperity, social reform was needed...

Day 5 Segregation and Discrimination  Notes

Segregation  By the 1900’s, the South had adopted a system of legal discrimination and segregation.  African-Am. fought back through the use of education.  African-Am. universities opened – Howard, Atlanta and Fisk Universities.

Booker T. Washington  Booker T. Washington – believed racism would end when blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society.  Started Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Alabama.

W.E.B. DuBois  W.E.B. DuBois opposed BTW, he believed blacks should seek a liberal arts education just like whites and should get rights now.  He led a movement called the Niagara Movement.  He joined with whites to lead the NAACP (National Association For the Advancement of Colored People)., 1909

Book – Up From Slavery Book – The Souls of Black Folk

Voting restrictions  All Southern states imposed voting restrictions.  Poll tax  Literacy tests  To help the poor and uneducated whites, a grandfather clause was added to make anyone who voted before 1867 eligible. (before slaves could vote legally)

 The Supreme Court upheld these restrictions.  Southern states segregated public and private facilities.

Jim Crow Laws  These laws of separation became known as Jim Crow laws.  (after an old minstrel song that ended in Jump, Jim Crow).

Plessy vs. Ferguson  Plessy vs. Ferguson – S.C. case to test the constitutionality of segregation, It ruled that separation of races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the 14 th Amendment as long as the accommodations were equal.  This legalized separation lasted for about 60 years.

Segregation Images

Racism in the U.S.  Racial etiquette was expected.  Severe punishment resulted, including lynching.  – 1,400 African-Am. men and women were shot, burned or hanged without a trial. Lynching cont. into the 20 th century.

Discrimination  There was discrimination in the North as well.  Mexicans were also discriminated.  Many were forced into debt peonage – a system that bound laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to an employer.  1911 – debt peonage was declared illegal.