Unit 1

Unit 1 Advertising

Grammar and usage Direct speech and reported speech & Reported speech: statements, questions and imperative sentences

Lead-in Look at the following sentences: Tom: What are you going to do this summer holiday? Amy: I am going to travel to Beijing with my parents.

Now try to answer: What did Amy say? Amy said that she was going to travel to Beijing with her parents.

Direct speech & reported speech What is the difference between direct speech and reported speech? Direct speech is to report what exactly has been said while reported speech or indirect speech is to report what has been said without using exact words.

How can we change direct speech into reported speech? We can change direct speech into reported speech by using an object clause or an infinitive phrase.

For example: He said, ‘I’m used to such embarrassing comments.’ He said that he was used to such embarrassing comments.

‘We must not give up in the face of pressure!’ she said. She encouraged us not to give up in the face of pressure.

Besides the major changes in sentence structure, there are also changes in: Personal pronouns Tenses Adverbials of time and place Other cases

Personal pronouns: She said, ‘I did some research.’ She said that she had done some research. Ann said, ‘I have finished this letter.’ Ann said that she had finished that letter.

How to change the tenses: Direct speech Reported speech Simple present Simple past Simple future Future in the past Past perfect

Direct speech Reported speech Present continuous Past continuous Present perfect Past perfect

Tips: ‘Light travels at a great speed,’ said Ms Li. Ms Li said that light travels at a great speed. We do not change the tense when we report a proverb or a fact that doesn’t change over time.

Adverbials of time and place: e.g. Tom said, ‘I am working here today.’ Tom said he was working there that day.

The following table shows other examples: Direct speech Reported speech today tomorrow yesterday next month a week ago that day/yesterday, etc. the next day/the following day, etc. the day before/ the previous day, etc. the month after/the following month a week before/ a week earlier, etc.

Other cases: Some more examples of the changes: Direct speech Reported speech this these come that those go

Read the advertisement and complete the letter on page 9. Answers: 1. _______ 2. _______ 3. _________ 4. _______ 5. _______ 6. _________ 7. _______ 8. _______ 9. ________ 10. ______ was would be had read that would had thought that would those her

Reported speech: statements, questions and imperative sentences 1. Statements We use noun clauses introduced by that to report statements. The word that can be omitted. e.g. She said (that) advertisements were almost everywhere nowadays.

advise explain insist promise There are more reporting verbs other than say and tell: advise explain insist promise announce suggest warn e.g. The write explained that PSAs were often run for free.

2. Questions: We use noun clauses introduced by whether/if to report yes/no questions. e.g. Matt asked Ann, ‘Does Jason deserve this ward?’ Matt asked Ann whether/if Jason deserved this award.

We use noun clauses introduced by wh-words to report wh-questions. e.g. ‘Where did you find the advertisements for jobs abroad?’ Bill asked. Bill asked where I had found the advertisements for jobs abroad.

3. Imperative sentences To report imperative sentences, we can use the structure: reporting verb + object +(not) + to infinitive e.g. The candidate said to the manager, ‘Please give me five minutes for preparation.’ The candidate asked the manager to give him five minutes for preparation.

advise encourage invite recommend warn There are other verbs that can be used in this structure to report imperative sentences: advise encourage invite recommend warn e.g. ‘Don’t believe every advertisement you read,’ Michelle said to me. Michelle advised me not to believe every advertisement I read.

总 结 如果直接引语是一个陈述句，变成间接 引语时用that引导，有时也可省略。 e.g. She said, ‘Father, the boy is very naughty now.’ She told her father (that) the boy was very naughty then.

2. 如果直接引语是客观真理，变为间 接引语时，时态不变。 e.g. ‘Light travels much faster than sound,’ she said to me yesterday. She told me the day before that light travels much faster than sound.

3. 如果直接引语中有明确表示过去的 时间状语，在变为间接引语时，一 般过去时不必变为过去完成时。 e.g. He said, ‘The great inventor was born in 1884.’ He told me that the great inventor was born in 1884.

4. 如果直接引语是一般疑问句，变为间 接引语时用whether/if 引导，且用陈述 句语序。 e.g. She asked me, ‘Are you the happiest person in your family?’ She asked me whether/if I was the happiest person in my family.

5. 如果直接引语是特殊疑问句，变为间接 引语时，仍用该特殊疑问词，用陈述句 语序。 e.g. She asked me, ‘When will the advertisements be on air?’ She asked me when the advertisements would be on air.

6. 转述祈使句时，我们使用该结构: 转述 动词(ask/ tell/ order/ advise/ remind/ warn/ insist/ suggest/ invite/ encourage… ) + 宾语+ (not) to do e.g. ‘Go and see a doctor after class,’ my teacher said to me. My teacher advised me to go and see a doctor after class.

2. Wang Qin ________________________ Read Part A on page 11 and practise reporting questions using whether/if or wh-words. Answers: 2. Wang Qin ________________________ __________________________________. 3. Lu Kai ___________________________ asked how it could help him remember English words. asked whether/if it taught listening and speaking

4. Liu Fang _________________________ _________________________________. 5. Gu Jin ___________________________. asked what the designer would do if she was not satisfied with the software asked whether/if it was easy to use

Read the advertising tips on page 11 and report each of them to your boss. Answers: 2. The expert encourages us to _________________________________. 3. The expert recommends that ________________________________. use interesting and attractive photos we (should) use eye-catching logos

4. The expert suggests that __________ ______________________________. 5. The expert tells us to _____________ we (should) make the slogans short and easy to remember make good use of colours to attract people’s attention

选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 1. My classmate asked me ______. A. had I seen the film three days ago B. had I seen the film three days before C. if I had seen the film three days ago D. whether I had seen the film three days before

2. He asked me ______ with me. what the matter is B. what the matter was C. what is the matter D. what was the matter 3. My friend really didn’t know _____ to help the dying boy. A. what he could do B. how could he do C. whether he can do D. what can he did

4. Shelly asked Andy _____ water the flowers while she was away. A. didn’t forget to B. don’t forget to C. not to forget to D. not forget to 5. She exclaimed (惊呼) ______. A. what a difficult task it was B. what it was a difficult task C. what difficult task it was D. what task it was difficult

将下列直接引语改为间接引语。 1. Mother said to her little daughter, ‘The earth is not flat but round.’ Mother told her little daughter (that) the earth is not flat but round.

2. He asked, ‘How are you getting along with your studies these days, Mary and Jane?’ He asked Mary and Jane how they were getting along with their studies those days.

3. “Alice, you feed the baby,” Mother said. Mother asked Alice to feed the baby. 4. “Let’s have a rest,” our teacher said. Our teacher suggested (that) we have a rest. 5. “Don’t make this kind of foolish mistake again,” she said to me. She told / warned me not to make that kind of foolish mistake again.

Homework To do Part C2 on Page 92 of the Workbook. To preview the Task.