DESALINATION “…Water, water, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink.” The Rime of the Ancient Mariner - Samuel Taylor Coleridge Shane Walker CE Transboundary Water Resources 20 OCT 05

Overview Motivation/Introduction Motivation/Introduction Current Use Current Use Processes Processes Case Studies Case Studies

Motivation ~0.008%

Motivation 44 % of the world's population live within 150 kilometers of the coast. In 2001, over half the world's population lived within 200km of a coastline. z0qJjM3PWtvcw~~

Introduction removal efficiency:  = 1 – c influent / c effluent Recovery: R = Q effluent / Q influent )

Introduction How salty is Salty? Fresh : < 1‰ Fresh : < 1‰ Slightly saline  :1 to 3 ‰ Slightly saline  :1 to 3 ‰ Brackish  :5 to 30 ‰ Brackish  :5 to 30 ‰ Average Sea salinity:~ 35 ‰ Average Sea salinity:~ 35 ‰ Brine:> 35 ‰ Brine:> 35 ‰

Current Desalination Use 50% ~25% ~20%

Current Desalination Use More than 12,000 desalination plants in the world supply 5 to 7 BGD. More than 12,000 desalination plants in the world supply 5 to 7 BGD. These desalination facilities will also dispose of 2 to 3 BGD. These desalination facilities will also dispose of 2 to 3 BGD.

Current Desalination Use > 100 desalination plants in Texas providing 40 MGD drinking water + 5~10 MGD brine. > 100 desalination plants in Texas providing 40 MGD drinking water + 5~10 MGD brine. In comparison, the oil & gas industry re- injects more than 400 MGD of brine in the Permian Basin alone. In comparison, the oil & gas industry re- injects more than 400 MGD of brine in the Permian Basin alone.

Current Desal Use Efficiency > 90% Efficiency > 90% Recovery ~ 50-75% Recovery ~ 50-75% Distillation ~ Membrane Distillation ~ Membrane

Desalination Processes Distillation Distillation –Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) –Multiple Effect Distillation (MED) Membrane Membrane –Reverse Osmosis (RO) –Electro-Dialysis Reversal (EDR) Energy/Desal Combos Energy/Desal Combos –Solar –Nuclear

Process: MSF

Process: RO Benefits Benefits –Space Efficient –Scaleable Challenges Challenges –Pretreatment –Membrane fouling –High Pressures –High Energy Use

Process: RO

Process: EDR

Process: Solar

Environmental Impacts  Brine Disposal Brine Disposal –Offshore –Evaporation Pond Energy Consumption Energy Consumption

Environmental Impacts Environmental Impacts Reduction in use of stressed surface/ground water sources; allow for environmental flows Reduce need of reservoirs for municipal consumption

Case Study: Jubail, Saudi Arabia World’s Largest Desal (Construct. By 3 Japanese Co.) World’s Largest Desal (Construct. By 3 Japanese Co.) 800 MGD, 5000 MW (Persian Gulf) 800 MGD, 5000 MW (Persian Gulf) Phase 3: 90 MGD, 1100 MW, $1.4 B ( ) Phase 3: 90 MGD, 1100 MW, $1.4 B ( )

Case Study: Yuma, AZ, USA 23.2 BGY Potential (World’s Largest time) 23.2 BGY Potential (World’s Largest time) $250M Cost (17 yr construction) $250M Cost (17 yr construction) Opened 1992 (60 acres) Opened 1992 (60 acres) Closed 1993 (Flood) Potential ~$300/acft Potential ~$300/acft Ciénega de Santa Clara Ciénega de Santa Clara

Case Study: Tampa Bay, FL MGD (World’s Largest RO) MGD (World’s Largest RO) $156M construction (’01 – ’03) $156M construction (’01 – ’03) 2250hp pump  600 – 1000 psi 2250hp pump  600 – 1000 psi ~$800/ac-ft (  up to 3X) ~$800/ac-ft (  up to 3X) 3 companies bankrupt 3 companies bankrupt

Case Study: Ashkelon, Israel 70 MGD (Mediterranean) 70 MGD (Mediterranean) 32 RO trains (  >92%) 32 RO trains (  >92%) $212M C / $800M R $212M C / $800M R $650/ac-ft (cheapest) $650/ac-ft (cheapest) Site Covers 18.5 acres Site Covers 18.5 acres

“We need a global approach to this from all sides. We need to educate people, we need the scientists to create new technologies, we need the engineers to create the networks, we need every human being to be aware of how precious water is and save it.” - Isabel Allende, Chilean novelist Conclusion