1. Texas Innovative Water 2010 Kevin Morrison, P.G. Project Coordinator / Water Resources What has SAWS Learned about Concentrate Disposal Options for Inland Facilities in Texas? October 11, 2010

2. SAWS - Concentrate Disposal Page 2 Presentation Outline SAWS Desalination Program Disposal Options Screening Preferred Disposal Option –Injection Wells Lessons Learned Future

3. October 11, 2010 SAWS - Concentrate Disposal Page 3 SAWS Desalination Program Production / Monitor Wells Reverse Osmosis Treatment Plant Pipeline System Brine Injection Wells Electrical System

4. October 11, 2010 SAWS - Concentrate Disposal Page 4 Concentrate Quality

5. October 11, 2010 SAWS - Concentrate Disposal Page 5 Concentrate Screening Traditional Disposal Options Beneficial Use Options Concentrate Volume Reduction / Zero Liquid Discharge

6. October 11, 2010 SAWS - Concentrate Disposal Page 6 Disposal Options Surface Water –Medina River –San Antonio River Concerns –Permitting –Public Perception Traditional

7. October 11, 2010 SAWS - Concentrate Disposal Page 7 Disposal Options Surface Water –Mitchell Lake Concerns –Limited Capacity –Salinity Impacts –Audubon Sanctuary Traditional Mitchell Lake

8. October 11, 2010 SAWS - Concentrate Disposal Page 8 Disposal Options Discharge to WRC –Through plant –Combine at outfall Concerns –Biologic process impact –CPS Energy contract Impact Traditional Dos Rios WRC

9. October 11, 2010 SAWS - Concentrate Disposal Page 9 Disposal Options Evaporation Ponds Concerns –Land requirements –Cost to construct –Carrizo Outcrop Traditional Courtesy: Ile de Re’, France

10. October 11, 2010 SAWS - Concentrate Disposal Page 10 Disposal Options Deep Well Injection Concerns –Permitting –Depth and cost –Maintenance Traditional

11. October 11, 2010 SAWS - Concentrate Disposal Page 11 Disposal Options Oil Field Pressure Maintenance Concerns –Well Field proximity –Volume (1MGD) –Need for project life –Railroad Commission and TCEQ permits Beneficial Use

12. October 11, 2010 SAWS - Concentrate Disposal Page 12 Disposal Options Class II Oil Field Disposal Wells Concerns –Currently not legal –Well Field proximity –Construction –Maintenance –Volume Beneficial Use

13. October 11, 2010 SAWS - Concentrate Disposal Page 13 Disposal Options Dust Control / Deicing Aquaculture –Shrimp farming –Algae farming Concerns –Additional Facilities –Permitting Beneficial Use Courtesy: Wikipedia

14. October 11, 2010 SAWS - Concentrate Disposal Page 14 Disposal Options Thermal Brine Concentrators High Efficiency Reverse Osmosis (HERO) Vibratory Shear Enhanced Processing (VSEP) Concentrate Volume Reduction

15. October 11, 2010 SAWS - Concentrate Disposal Page 15 Disposal Options VSEP testing under TWDB grant –Processed concentrate from conventional pilot –Achieved a 50% recovery Concerns –Capital and O&M costs –Chemical cleaning time requirements –Space requirements in the plant Vibratory Shear Enhanced Processing (VSEP)

16. October 11, 2010 SAWS - Concentrate Disposal Page 16 Preferred Disposal Option Deep Well Injection Formations Considered –Poth Sand –Olmos Sand –Austin Chalk –Edwards

17. October 11, 2010 SAWS - Concentrate Disposal Page 17 Lessons Learned Start as early as possible Understand source water quality Contact TCEQ for assistance Understand the effects of concentrate on the overall disposal system Concentrate Disposal

18. October 11, 2010 SAWS - Concentrate Disposal Page 18 SAWS Future Disposal Work Complete Edwards Injection Investigation –Test existing Class II Injection Well –Drill new Class I Test Injection Well –Submit permit application for operation Follow technical developments of other disposal alternatives

19. October 11, 2010 SAWS - Concentrate Disposal Page 19 Long-Range Outlook Continue to support use of the General Class I permit for injection of brine from a municipal desalination facility Investigate the use of existing Class II Injection Wells for disposal of brine Continue to support research and piloting of new concentrate disposal technology

20. Texas Innovative Water 2010 Kevin Morrison, P.G. Project Coordinator / Water Resources What has SAWS Learned about Concentrate Disposal Options for Inland Facilities in Texas? October 11, 2010