Ch10 The City-States 10-3 Athens

1. Athens -northeast of Sparta -city-state -located on the Aegean Coast -1 st ruled by Kings -750BC oligarchy -fighting between farmers, artisans, and government for land ownership -oligarchy did not want fights to occur -looked for reform

2. Draco -noble -appointed to write a code of laws -too harsh, death for many crimes

3. Solon -rich merchant -took over law making 594 BC -1 st Constitution -broke political power of rich -set limit on how much land a person could own -gave landowners the right to vote in the assembly -passed laws

-erased all debt -freed slaves -offered citizenship to artisans (not Athenians) -ordered fathers to teach sons a trade -more government involvement -trade increased

4. Peisistratus -560BC took over government -supported by lower class -divided large estates and gave it to farmers w/o land -did not have to own land to be citizen -encouraged sculpture and art -after his death, sons took over -government overthrown by Spartans

5. Cleisthenes -overthrew Spartans -put world first Constitution into effect -beginning of democratic form -Athenians have freedom of speech -opened assembly to males 20 yrs. + -assembly elected 10 generals/yr. to run army and navy & judges

-Set-up the Council of Five Hundred -Handled daily business -Chosen each year by lot -No one could serve more than 2 terms -Every one could serve -War times required a general to serve on council

-Citizens required to educate sons -Tutor -Private school -Age 7 boys studied writing, math and music -Played sports -Memorized Homer & other poets -Age 18 males became citizens -At Temple of Zeus took citizenship oath

6. Persian Wars -Persians have largest empire in Western world -545 BC conquered Ionia (Greek city-state in Asia Minor and Aegean Islands) -525 BC Ionians revolted -asked city-states for help -Athens responded by sending some warships -Fought for 5 years, Persians ended revolt

7. Darius -Persian king -Punish mainland Greeks for helping Ionians -490 BC sent 600 ships and army to Greece -landed on Marathon -decided to sail directly to Athens surprised by Athenian soldiers and defeated -Pheidippides ran 26 miles to tell of victory -yelled Nike! (Greek goddess of victory) and died

8. Wealth -After Marathon, silver mines discovered -Athens spent money in triremes -3 levels of rowers on each side -largest navy in Greece

9. Xerxes -son of Darius -480 BC sent 250,000 soldiers across Aegean to conquer Northern Greece -20 city-states banded together to stop attacks -Sparta-Army -Athens-Navy -Greek soldiers held off Persians at Thermopylae for 3 days. Athenians went to Salamis -Persians defeated soldiers, set fire to Athens

-Greeks tricked Persians into the Narrow Straits of Salamis and defeated them -Xerxes returned Asia -479 BC Greeks defeated leftover Persians in Battle of Plateau and war ended

10. Delian League -defensive league -located on island of Delos -Sparta not a member -once a member, could not withdraw w/o unanimous agreement -common navy -built by Athenians

-Athens gaining power -ask for permission to trade -trials held in Athens -money replaced all other -“Golden Age of Athens”

11. Pericles -1 st citizen of Athens -general during “Golden Age of Athens” -led Athens for 30 yrs. -rebuilt temples and palaces on the acropolis -built Parthenon to honor goddess Athena

-built Long Walls to connect Athens to seaport of Piraeus -provided supplies during war -promoted art, literature, and philosophy

12. Peloponnesian War -Athens was resented -attacked one of Sparta’s allies -Sparta attacked -lasted 30 yrs. -ended 404BC -Athens surrendered to Sparta

13. Decline of Athens -war and plague caused great loss of life -land was ruined -young men became mercenaries -404 BC Sparta controls Athens -set up oligarchy -30 Athenian aristocrats rule -Athens successfully revolts and sets up democracy -not as powerful as before war