1. Victory & Defeat in the Greek World
Ch. 5, Section 3

2. “Earth and Water”
In 492 B.C. King Darius I of Persia demanded “earth and water” from the Greek city-states.
Athens and Sparta REFUSED!
Persians conquered the city-states of Ionia.
In 499 B.C. the Ionian Greeks revolted against Persia. Athens (wealthiest Greek city-state) sent ships to Ionia to help them!
King Darius I was furious at Athens. . .

3. P E R S I A

4. The Persian Wars 490 B.C.E. – 479 B.C.E.
Greek City-States vs. Persians
(Ionia, Athens, etc.)

5. Where is Greece? Where is Ionia?
Reasons for War
Where is Greece? Where is Ionia?

7. Highlights of Persian Wars
Battle of Marathon (490 B.C)
Persians crossed the Aegean Sea and attacked the Athenians on a plain called Marathon outside of Athens
Greeks outnumbered, but WON!
Sent Pheidippides their fastest runner to carry home the news of victory!
He sprinted 26.2 miles to Athens — “Rejoice, we conquer,” he gasped and then died!
In honor of Pheidippides’ run, marathon runners still run 26.2 miles!
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9. The Athenians used clever war tactics to win the Battle of Marathon including the use of hoplites manning phalanxes.

10. Battle of Thermopylae (480 B.C)
King Darius I died, but his son Xerxes took up the fight against Greece
300 Spartans and allies vs. 150, million Persians
Spartans held their ground for 2 days guarding the narrow mountain pass of Thermopylae but were defeated by the Persians
Persians marched south and burned down Athens but the city was empty
Statue of Spartan King Leonidas at Thermopylae

12. Battle of Salamis 480 B.C. Turning point in Persian War
Greeks defeated Persians by sea under the guidance of General Themistocles
Athenian warships drove into Persian boats with underwater battering rams
After win at Salamis, the Greeks went on to defeat the Persians on land—End of War!

14. Effects of Persian Wars
Athens emerged as most powerful and prosperous city-state in Greece
Athens organized the Delian League = alliances with other city-states
Athens used its influence over other city-states to build an Athenian Empire!
Many other Greek city-states resented Athens and split from the Delian League
Sparta created the Peloponnesian League
Athenians great at sea, Sparta great on land!

16. Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.)
Delian League v. Peloponnesian League
Democracy (Athens) v. Oligarchy (Sparta)
Athenians provided most of the ships and sailors and asked the other city-states to contribute money. Sparta feared this increase in Athenian power.
Fought for 27 years to determine which city-state would control southern Greece.

17. Highlights of War Athens faced a serious geographic disadvantage!
Sparta was located inland, so it could not be attacked by sea.
Yet Sparta only had to march north to attack Athens by land.
In 404 B.C. with the help of the Persian navy (longtime enemy), Spartans captured Athens.

18. Good Thought, Bad Result!
When Sparta invaded Athens, the Athenian leader Pericles allowed people from the surrounding countryside to move inside the city walls for protection.
The overcrowded conditions soon led to disaster: a terrible plague broke out!
1/3 of the Athenian population (including Pericles) were killed.

19. The Spartan victors stripped Athenians of their naval fleet and empire.
However, Sparta rejected calls from its allies to destroy Athens (perhaps out of respect for Athen’s role in the Persian Wars).

20. Effects of Peloponnesian War
An end to Athenian domination of the Greek world.
More in-fighting occurred amongst Greek city-states, weakening them.
Weakened Greek city states were easier to conquer later on by the Macedonians and Alexander the Great!