VERTEBRATES

What is a “vertebrate?” Animal that has a backbone, or a vertebral column All are part of the Chordate Phylum Nerve Cord (hollow tube) Notocord (flexible rod) Gill Slits (used for breathing) Post-anal Tail

Other characteristics Cold-blooded (ectotherms) rely on environment for heat Warm-blooded (endotherms) maintain own body temperature

Characteristics cont’d Open Circulatory System blood not always in vessels Closed Circulatory System blood always contained in vessels All Vertebrates

FISH: Characteristics Water-dwelling vertebrates Scales, fins, gills

FISH: Examples Jawless- Cartilagenous- Bony- No jaws, scales, paired fins; cartilage only Ex. Lamprey Cartilagenous- Cartilage only, toothlike scales Ex. Sharks, Rays Bony- Bones, scales, swim bladders Ex. Flounder, Bass, Perch

FISH: Systems Digestive/Excretory: Nervous: Circulatory: Reproductive: Developed system: stomach, intestines, etc. Nervous: Keen senses: sight, smell, and taste Circulatory: Closed Circ. Sys. Reproductive: External Fertilization Internal Fertilization Respiratory: Gills take oxygen from water

Amphibians: Characteristics Breathe with gills when immature Breathe with lungs and skin when mature Skin has many glands Lack scales and claws Undergo metamorphosis Dramatic changes in body form

Amphibians: Examples Frogs Toads Newts, Salamanders

Amphibians: Systems Digestive/Excretory: Nervous: Circulatory: Developed: stomach, intestines, etc. Nervous: Developed: large eyesgreat sight Circulatory: Closed Circ. System Reproductive: External Fertilization Internal Fertilization (lay fert. eggs) Respiratory: -Gills when immature, lungs and skin when mature (skin must stay moist to function)

Reptiles: Characteristics Vertebrates with lungs Scaly skin Amniotic eggs (leathery) Cold-blooded

Reptiles: Examples Lizards: alligators, iguanas, dinosaurs Turtles Snakes

Reptiles: Systems Digestive/Excretory: Nervous: Circulatory: Interesting adaptations for eating; developed system Nervous: Developed brains; good senses Circulatory: Closed Circulatory System Reproductive: Internal Fertilization: most lay leathery eggs Some give live birth from eggs “hatched” inside Respiratory: Use Lungs

Birds: Examples Hawks, eagles Robins, wrens Hummingbirds Penguins, ostriches

Birds: Characteristics Warm-blooded Amniotic Eggs (shells) Feathers (made of same substance as reptile scales)

Birds: Systems Digestive/Excretory: Nervous: Circulatory: Big eaters, beak shaped for food source, developed system Nervous: Keen senses: Eyesight, hearing Circulatory: Closed Circ. Sys. Reproductive: Internal fertilization; lay eggs with hard shells Respiratory: Air sacs in addition to lungs allow for continuous air flow

Mammals: Characteristics Warm-blooded vertebrates Hair or fur Feed young with milk from mammary glands Many groups of mammals- Insect-eating, Water-dwelling, Hoofed, Gnawing, etc.

Mammals: Examples Egg-laying mammals (monotremes): Lay eggs Ex. Duck-billed platypus Pouched mammals (marsupials): Give birth to under-developed young, develop in the pouch of the mother Ex. Kangaroo, koalas, possum Placental mammals: Give birth to young that have developed in the mother’s body Ex. Humans, Dogs, Mice

Mammals- Systems Digestive/Excretory: Nervous: Circulatory: Digestive tract with accessory organs (liver, pancreas, etc.) Kidneys for excretion Nervous: Developed brain and senses Circulatory: Closed Circ. System Reproductive: Internal fertilization Eggs, Pouches, Placentas Respiratory: Lungs