1. Vertebrates

2. Vertebrate
- Animals with a backbone
- Belong to phylum chordata
- Vertebrates have developed head and skull
Four Body Parts of Chordates
1. Tail
2. Notochord (sometimes replaced by backbone)
3. Hollow nerve cord (spinal cord
4. Pharyngeal Pouches (gills)

4. Endotherm
- Animals creates its own heat
- Chemical reactions in the body produce heat
- Warm-blooded
Ex: Bird and Mammals
Ectotherm
- Animal needs outside source of heat
- Cold-blooded
Ex: Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles

5. Fish

6. - Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide from the water
Gill
- Respiratory organ
- Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide from the water
- Used by most fish
External Fertilization
- Female lays eggs, male drops sperm on them
Internal
Fertilization
- Male deposits sperm inside of female, fertilized eggs are laid.
Three Classes of Fish (Still Alive)
1. Jawless Fishes
2. Cartilaginous Fishes
3. Bony Fishes
Jawless Fishes
- No jaw (suction-cup mouth)
- Eel-like
Ex: Lamprey and Hagfish

7. - Body contains cartilage instead of bone Cartilaginous Fishes
- Fully functional jaw
Ex: Sharks and Rays
Bony Fishes
- Largest group
- Skeleton made of bones
Contain a swim bladder
Ex: goldfish, catfish, tuna
Swim Bladder
- Gas-filled sac
- Helps control floating and sinking

8. Amphibians and Reptiles

9. Amphibian Characteristics
- Ectotherms
- Have lungs and legs
- Means “Double Life”
- Young live in water and adult live on land
- Thin skin to absorb water and oxygen
- Complete metamorphosis
-Ecological indicators sense changes in
Environment with thin skin
Ex: Frogs, Toads, and Salamanders
Lung
- Respiratory organ
- Exchanges O2 and CO2 with the air

12. Reptile Characteristics
- Adapted to live on land
- Many are now extinct
- Thick skin to prevent water loss
- Ectotherms
- Embryos develop in an amniotic egg
Amniotic Egg
- Contains fluid to protect egg and shell covering
Yolk
- Provides nutrients
Shell
- Prevents water loss and provides protection
Allantois
- Stores embryo’s waste
Albumen
- Provides water and protein
Embryo
- Developing organism after fertilization

14. - Shell provides protection
Types of Reptiles
- Shell provides protection
Turtles and Tortoises
- Shell also makes them slow and inflexible
- Lay eggs on land
- Spend most of life in water
Crocodiles and Alligators
- Need to breathe air
- Most common reptiles
Snakes and Lizards
- “Taste” with their tongue
- Can kill prey by poison or squeezing
- Loose lower jaw to eat large prey
- Many can regenerate their tail

15. Birds

16. - Closely related to reptiles
Characteristics
- Lay amniotic eggs in nests
- Feathers and wings
- Endotherm
Require a lot of energy for flight—Eat a lot
Fast digestion
-Preen-spread oil on wings to waterproof feathers
-molt-shed old feather and grow new feathers

17. Flight Adaptations 2. Rapidly Beating Heart 3. Air Sacs
1. Large Eyes
2. Rapidly Beating Heart
3. Air Sacs
4. Hollow Bones
5. Powerful Flight Muscles
6. Wing Shape
7. Rigid Skeleton

18. Brooding
- Sitting on eggs
- Transfers body heat
- Fluffy
Down Feathers
- Help with warmth
- Stiff
Contour Feathers
- Can help attract mates

19. Types of Birds
1. Flightless Birds
2. Water Birds
3. Perching Birds
4. Birds of Prey
- Muscles are not adapted for flight
Flightless Birds
Ex: Penguin and Ostrich
Water Birds
- Webbed Feet
- Adapted beaks for finding food in water
Ex: Duck and Swan

20. Perching Birds
- Adaptations for resting on branches
Feet remain closed
around branch
Ex: Parrot and Chickadees
- Eat other vertebrates
Birds of Prey
- Sharp claws and beak
- Very good vision
Ex: Owl and Osprey

21. Mammals

22. Common Characteristics
1. Making Milk
- Mammary glands produces milk
- Used to feed young
- Diaphragm is the breathing muscle
2. Breathing Air
3. Endothermic
- Helps them survive in cold environments
4. Hair
- When thick = fur
5. Specialized Teeth
- Incisors, canines, and molars

23. - Most give birth to live young 6. Sexual Reproduction
7. Large Brains
- Allows learning and thinking quickly
Types of Mammals
1. Placental
2. Monotreme
3. Marsupials
- Embryo develops in mother’s body
Placental Mammal
- Length of time from fertilization to birth
Gestation Period

24. Primate
- Includes humans
- Opposable thumbs
- Largest brains of most mammals the same size
- Considered highly intelligent
Tarsier

25. - Lays eggs
Monotreme Mammals
- Uses body energy to warm eggs
Echidna

26. - Carries young in a pouch
Marsupial Mammals
- Still give live birth