1. Kingdom Animalia Notes

2. Domain - Eukarya Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata (this is the largest group of vertebrates)
Class……
Order…. F G S

3. There are three groups of chordates (largest phylum in the animal kingdom):
Lancelets
Tunicates
Vertebrates (largest group)

4. Lancelets
While lancelets resemble fish externally, they are simpler, invertebrate marine animals with no heart, no paired fins, and essentially no brain. Considered a precursor to vertebrates, in place of a spinal column lancelets have a notochord, or a stiff rod that provides support for muscles during swimming.

5. Tunicates
The Tunicates are commonly known as "sea squirts." The body of an adult tunicate is quite simple, being essentially a sack with two siphons through which water enters and exits. It exhibits all chordate characteristics: it has a notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail. This "tadpole larva" will swim for some time; in many tunicates, it eventually attaches to a hard substrate, it loses its tail and ability to move, and its nervous system largely disintegrates..

6. Who make up the largest group of chordates?
A. Invertebrates
B. Vertebrates
C. Lancelets
D. Tunicates

7. Vertebrates: Have a backbone
Have well-developed brain protected by a skull
Some are endotherms
While others are ectotherms
Examples:
a. Fish (coldblooded / ectotherms)
b. Amphibians (____________/__________)
c. Reptiles (____________/__________)
d. Birds (____________/__________)
e. Mammals (____________/__________)

8. Example of Vertebrates:
Fish (ectotherms / cold-blooded)
Amphibians (ectotherms / cold-blooded)
Reptiles (ectotherms / cold-blooded)
Birds (endotherms / warm-blooded)
Mammals (endotherms / warm-blooded)

9. As a human, you are an _________.
A. Endotherm
B. Ectotherm

10. Fish: Three groups of fish: Jawless (lampreys and hagfish)
Cartilaginous (sharks, rays and skates)
Bony (catfish, bass, carp, etc…)

11. Jawless Fish
Lampreys Hagfish

12. Cartilaginous Fish
Sharks Rays and Skates

13. Bony Fish

14. True or False:
A shark is a fish.
A. True
B. False

15. Amphibians: They were the first vertebrates to live on land
Amphibians gulp air into their lungs AND by
absorbing O2 through their skin.

16. Amphibians (means: double life) start life in the water, then b/c of metamorphosis they
lose their gills and develop lungs & legs
to live on dry land.

17. Amphibians include:
Caecilians
Salamanders
Frogs
Toads

18. Caecilians
Caecilians are a legless, tailless tropical amphibian/ Though eel-like or earthworm-like in appearance, they are neither of these. They have vertebrate characteristics such as jaws and teeth. Their eyes are nearly functionless and even nonexistant on some. They have a groove on either side of the head which contains a retractable sensory tentacle. Most are between 5 to 14 inches long and 1/4 to 1 inches in diameter .

19. Salamanders

20. Which is the toad and which is the frog?
Frogs and Toads
Which is the toad and which is the frog?

21. Frogs and Toads Frog Toad
Longer forelegs and slimy skin Shorter foreleg and dry, warty skin

22. What process allows a tadpole to lose their gills and develop lungs in order to live on land?
A. Innate processes
B. Learned processes
C. Metamorphosis
D. Evolution

23. Reptiles:
Reptiles evolved from amphibians by adapting to life on dry land – they have
thick, scaly skin that protects them
from drying out

24. Reptile embryos are protected by a tough,
leathery egg
Reptiles include: turtles, tortoises, lizards, snakes, crocodiles and alligators
Some scientists think that birds and mammals evolved from early reptiles

25. Reptiles
Turtle or Tortoise?

26. Reptiles Tortoise Turtle
Spends most of life on land Spends most of life in the water

27. What process (also known as change over time) allowed amphibians to slowly change into reptiles and adapt to living on dry land?
A. Evolution
B. Adapting
C. Learning

28. Birds:
Birds are endotherms that are covered in feathers. There are two types of feathers: down and contour.
Flying takes a lot of energy, so birds must eat a high-energy diet and breathe efficiently
Birds are lightweight. Their skeleton is rigid and hollow – this helps with flight.

29. Birds

30. Mammals: Mammal characteristics: Mammary glands
Endothermic (warm-blooded)
Hair or fur
Specialized teeth
Need oxygen for energy
Large, well-developed brains
Reproduce sexually

31. 3 Types of mammals:
Monotremes (platypus & echidna)
Marsupials (kangaroo & koala)
Placentals (humans, dogs, elephants…)

32. Monotremes lay eggs and feed their young milk through openings in their skin
Marsupials give birth to live young, but they aren’t fully developed so they live in a pouch until they are more developed

33. Monotremes and Marsupials

34. Placentals:
Develop inside the mother’s placenta for a period of time. This period of time is called the gestation period – for humans it is 9 months
The placenta is the fluid-filled sac that feeds the developing embryo
Placental mammals then nurse their young after birth

36. What type of mammal are you?
A. Monotreme
B. Marsupial
C. Placental