1. Vertebrates

2. Animals with backbones Brains encased in a skull Closed circulatory systems Veins and arteries to transport blood

3. 2 groups Ectotherms – organisms that use environment to regulate body temperature Endotherms – organisms that internally regulate body temperature

4. Reptiles Have lungs and scaly skin Shed outer skin all at once Scales form a waterproof barrier to prevent drying out Bone skeletons and teeth; hollow needlelike fangs Well developed organs Deaf Reproduce through internal fertilization Eggs hatch fully developed young

5. Major groups Turtles Lizards and Snakes Alligators and Crocodiles

6. Turtles Shell formed of plates of bone Toothless Beaklike structure for eating Legs or flippers Tortoises – turtles that live completely or almost completely on land

7. Lizards Slender bodies Long tails Eat insects with sticky tongue Largest – Komodo dragon Komodo Dragon

8. Snakes No limbs More than 400 vertebrae in backbone Scales used for gripping Don’t see or hear well Sense vibrations on the ground Swallow food whole About 400 poisonous snakes Constrictor – snake that squeezes its prey to death

9. Alligators Live in fresh water and salt water Found in SE USA and China Nostrils and eyes on top of head Broad, heavy head Teeth fit evenly in jaws when mouth closed

10. Crocodiles Narrow snouts Live in salt water Salt glands on tongue 4 th tooth on lower jaw show when mouth closed Crocodile attack

11. Alligator vs. Crocodile

12. Amphibians Double life 1 st part – under water 2 nd part – on land Breathe through skin and lungs Reproduce through external fertilization (female lays egg and male fertilize it) All, except salamander, lose tail and grow legs Moist, scale-less skin Small teeth for grasping prey Flexible sticky tongue

13. 3 groups Caecilians Salamanders Toads and Frogs

14. Caecilians Live underground Burrowing animals Small or no eyes No legs Caecilian Facts

15. Salamanders Means “lives in fires” Bright colors Poisonous secretions

16. Toads and Frogs Plump bodies Rough skin Lives on land and near water Streamlined bodies Smooth skin Live in water Male – sounds of attraction Female - silent

17. Fish Smooth scale covered body Gill slits for underwater breathing Eyes can see color Detect vibrations in water Reproduce through internal and external fertilization

18. 3 main groups Jawless fish Sharks, skates and rays Bony fish

19. Jawless Fish Round mouth like suction cup No scales

20. Sharks, Skates, and Rays Rough skin like sandpaper Largest ray – manta ray Largest shark and fish – whale shark Shark Attack

21. Bony Fish Skeletons of bone and scales Smallest – gobie 2 large eyes without eyelids Swim bladders – balloon-like organs that fill or empty of gases to allow rise and sink in water

22. Birds Have feathers made of Keratin (protein) Have hair, claws, horn made of Keratin Feathers give insulation and help fly Reproduce by laying eggs in nests Produce sounds = songs Sound an alarm Court mates Warn other birds Migrate – travel from one place to another in response to seasons or environmental conditions

23. Mammals Have hair or fur Mammary glands to feed young milk Breathe with lungs Highly developed senses Highly developed brain Reproduce through internal fertilization Egg laying – anteaters, platypus Marsupials – pouches for young (possum) Placental – inside mother’s womb

24. Orders of Mammals 1. Insect eaters 2. Flying mammals (bats) 3. Rodents 4. Rabbits and hares 5. Toothless mammals 6. Carnivores 7. Hoofed mammals 8. Sea mammals 9. Primates