The History of American Education

Tutors-hired to teach in the home Dame Schools-primary schools in colonial and other early periods which students (females) were taught by untrained women in the women’s own homes. 17th Century Colonial Education took place in the home

Apprenticeships (in loco parentis)  Usually males Latin Grammar Schools-A classical secondary school with a Latin and Greek curriculum preparing students for college. Local Schools-Old Deluder Satan Law Harvard College (1 st college in US)

17 th Century Old Deluder Satan Law (1647)- Massachusetts colony law requiring teachers in towns of 50 families or mores and that schools be built in towns of 100 families or more. Communities must teach children to read so that they can read the Bible and thwart Satan.

Educational Materials Bible Hornbook-a single sheet of parchment containing the Lord’s Prayer and letters of the alphabet. It was protected by a thin sheath from the flattened horn of a cow and fastened to a wooden board. New England Primer One of the first textbooks in colonial America, teaching reading and moral messages McGuffey Readers for almost 100 years, this reading series promoted moral and patriotic message and se the practice of reading levels leading toward graded elementary school

18 th Century Development of a national interest, state responsibility for education, growth in secondary education South Carolina denies education to blacks Opening of the Franklin Academy- accepted females as students and promoted a less classical, more practical curriculum Noah Webster’s American Spelling Book

Land Ordinance Act 1785,NW Ordinance 1787-Provided for the sale of federal lands in the Northwest territory to support public schools; required townships in the newly settled territories bounded by the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers and the Great Lakes to reserve a section of land for educational purposes.

19 th Century Increasing role of public secondary schools Increased but segregated education for women and minorities Attention to the field of education and teacher preparation Academies-The private or semipublic secondary schools in the United States from that stressed practical subjects. Common schools-A public, tax-supported school. First established in MA, the schools’ purpose was to create a common basis of knowledge for children. It usually refers to a public elementary school

19 th century continued 1821 Troy Female Seminary; first endowed secondary school for girls 1821-first public high school opens in Boston 1823-first (private) normal school Normal School-a 2yr teacher education institution popular in the 19 th century, many of which were expanded to become today’s state colleges and universities Massachusetts requires public hs 1839-first public normal school 1855-first kindergarten in US 1862-Morrill Land Grant College Act- established 69 institutions of higher education (UGA)

1874-Kalamazoo case-legalizes taxes for hs 1896-Plessy v. Ferguson –supported racially separate but equal schools

20 th century 1909-first Jr. High in Columbus, OH 1917Smith-Hughes Act-funds for teacher training and establishment of high school vocational programs 1919-progressive education programs  Progressive education-an educational philosophy emphasizing democracy, student needs, practical activities, and school- community relationships

1932-New Deal education programs 1944-GI Bill of Rights-paid veterans’ tuition and living expenses for a specific number of months depending on the length of their military service 1950-first Middle School

20 th Century 1954-Brown v BOE of Topeka 1957-Sputnik leads to increased federal education funds 1958-National Defense Education Act funds science, math, and foreign language programs Job Corps and Head Start are funded Elementary and Secondary Education Action-financial assistance to school districts with low-income families, to improve libraries

20 th century 1972-Title IX prohibits sex discrimination in schools 1975-Public Law Education for all Handicapped Children Act 1979-Cabinet level Department of Education is established 1991-Renamed PL to IDEA and expanded it.

1990’s to present-increased public school diversity and competition through  charter schools,  for profit companies (Edison Schools)  open enrollment  And technological options Promotion of educational goals, standards and testing Passage of No Child Left Behind