The Scientific Method in Psychology.  Descriptive Studies: naturalistic observations; case studies. Individuals observed in their environment.  Correlational.

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Presentation transcript:

The Scientific Method in Psychology

 Descriptive Studies: naturalistic observations; case studies. Individuals observed in their environment.  Correlational Studies: establishing correlations between non-manipulated variables. Relationships are not necessarily causal.  Experiments: Manipulating variables and testing cause and effect relationships. Three Types of Studies

 Theory: System of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations.  Hypothesis: a specific prediction derived from theory.  Designing experiments to test hypotheses and theory. The best way to advance knowledge is to attempt disproving a theory or hypothesis.  Alternative: design single experiment to test several contradictory hypotheses. Theory Construction and Philosophy of Science

The Scientific Method  Identify Problem and Formulate hypothesis  Design experiment using dependent and independent variables.  Perform experiment using experimental and control groups.  Evaluate hypothesis  Communicate results

Identifying the Problem  Have a good idea  Formulate Hypothesis  One theory (several testable hypotheses)  Uses naturalistic observations

Designing the Experiment  Dependent vs. Independent variables (IV changes or is manipulated)  Experimental vs. Control group (Control group is not experimented, used only to compare results)  Validity

Performing the Experiment  Reliability of measurements  Selecting the subjects  Exclude bias  Choose selection at random for best results.  Assign experimental (receive treatment) and control groups (do not receive treatment).

Measure and Analyze  Measure and compare experimental and control groups.  Analyze data and draw conclusions from the analysis.  Record and/or publish your findings.

 Correlational studies: do not necessarily indicate a cause and effect relationship  Case studies: Examples, but does not necessarily represent the entire population.  Surveys: Subject to bias and misinterpretation.  Generalities: Generalization from a selected sample. Other Factors

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