+ Warm-up Turn to the next two pages in your interactive notebooks. Label the Left page “Major Plant Groups Investigation” and date Label the Right page “Major Plant Groups” and date

+ The Plant Kingdom: Major Plant Groups

+ Major Plant Groups One of the major traits used to classify plants is the presence or absence of vascular tissue. Vascular tissue conducts water and other materials in some plants. Two types of vascular tissue: Xylem and Phloem Plants that have vascular tissue are called vascular plants. Plants that do not have vascular tissue are called nonvascular plants.

+ Another important trait in classifying plants is whether they produce seeds. All nonvascular plants are seedless and reproduce by producing gametes in one stage of their life and spores in another stage. Some vascular plants reproduce by gametes and spores and others gametes and seeds. Plants can be divided into three major categories: Nonvascular Plants Seedless Vascular Plants Seeded Vascular Plants

+ Plants Nonvascular PlantsVascular Plants MossesLiverwortsHornwortsSeedless PlantsSeed Plants Club MossesHorsetailsFerns GymnospermsAngiosperms

+ Nonvascular Plants In nonvascular plants, water and other materials are transported by diffusion. Characteristics of nonvascular plants: Fairly short Parts that look like roots, stems, or leaves, but since they have no vascular tissue, they cannot have these organs. Inefficient conducting systems restrict these plants to living near water or in shady places.

+ Examples of nonvascular plants: Mosses True mosses belong to a group called bryophytes. Structures that resemble roots and leaves. Typical moss consists of two sections The lower part, the rhizoid, is a rootlike and anchors the plants and absorbs water and minerals. These are always present. This is a green, leafy part. The upper part, the stalk, is involved in producing spores and are not always present.

+ Have two stages of growth Gametes needed for sexual reproduction are produced on the green leafy part of the plant. Water is necessary for fertilization Sphagnum is a type of moss, also known as peat moss, that is useful to humans

+ Liverworts and Hornworts Named for their shapes that resemble: livers and horns. –wort comes from an Old English word that means “plant or herb.” These small and flattened plants live in moist, shaded areas. Like mosses, they have thin leafy structures attached by rhizoids, and transport water by diffusion. A good place to find them is along a forest stream on rocks and they frequently grow among mosses.

+ Seedless Vascular Plants Vascular plants are capable of growing taller and living in drier areas. Seedless vascular plants still rely on water more than the seed-producing plants. Examples of Seedless Vascular Plants Club Mosses and Horsetails One type of club moss is ground pine, which has been used in past Christmas decorations and its spores were used as flash powder in early photography. Horsetails have silica in some of their cell walls, and are abrasive. American Pioneers used these plants to scour pots and pans. These plants have also been used in “folk cures” and sometimes for food.

+ Ferns Fern leaves are called Fronds. Come in shapes resembling deer antlers, snake tongues, four-leaf clovers, and fans. The Boston fern is the most familiar type. Fronds are attached to an underground stem called a rhizome.

+ Warm UP: Finish answering the following questions in your interactive notebooks. What structures conduct materials in leaves? What is the key component of plant cell walls? Are chloroplasts the only type of plastid found in plant cells? Explain your answer Which is older, the heartwood or sapwood? Name the cell type that is extremely long, tapered, and strong?

+ Roots grow from the rhizome into the soil As fronds emerge from the rhizome, they first appear as tight coils. Young fronds are called crosiers or fiddleheads. Spores are produced on the lower surface of many fronds.

+ Seed Plants Seed plants do not rely on water for reproduction. Can be found in both wet and dry environments. Reproduce by seeds and not spores. Seeds vs. Spores Spores are tiny, single-celled, with few energy reserves and only a cell wall to protect them. Seeds are multicellular and contain a young plant called an embryo and usually have abundant energy reserves and one or more barriers to protect them from the environment.

+ Two main types of seeds: Gymnosperm and Angiosperm Gymnosperm means “naked seed” Include: pine, spruce, gingko trees, and cycads. Most common gymnosperms are the conifers. Angiosperm means “covered seed” Seeds produced on these plants are completely surrounded by a protective covering called a fruit. Fruits develop from flowers.