Chapter 8: Life at the Turn of the 20th Century

Section 1: Science and Urban Life

Technology and City Life Industrialization -> jobs in the _____ -> Technology needs to meet the needs of expanding pop.

Skyscrapers Steel and elevators Daniel Burnham (1902) – Flatiron Building (NYC) Steel and elevators Louis Sullivan (1891) – Wainright Building (St. Louis)

Electric Transit Streetcars (trolley cars) connected outlying neighborhoods to downtown New railroad lines – growth of suburbs -> commute to downtown “El” trains and subways

Engineering and Urban Planning The need for open space Brooklyn Bridge (1883) recreational areas are created Fredrick Law Olmstead designs Central Park (NYC)

Let city people enjoy a “natural” setting

Chicago City plan Sandy lake front parks + beaches 1893 Columbian Exposition – chance for America to show off

New Technologies High- speed press -> print on both sides -> newspapers for a penny 1903 – Kitty Hawk, N. Carolina first successful flight The Wright Brothers

Photography Explosion George Eastman – Kodak camera (1888) – flexible film – rise of photojournalism

Cities expanded upward with the creation of _________. Cities expanded outward with the creation of __________. Chicago’s city plan was designed to have _______ . ____________ ____________ was built in NYC to give people a recreation area in a natural setting.

Section 2 Expanding Public Education Preparation for workforce and citizenship Economic development (science + technology) Assimilation of immigrants

School for Children 1865-1895 State laws: 12 to 16 weeks for 8 – 14 year olds Reading, writing, arithmetic Physical punishment + rote memorization 3,000 kindergartens by 1900 1880 school enrollment 62% of white pop. 34% of black pop.

The Growth of High Schools Industrialization -> new jobs -> technical + managerial skills 1900 -> 500,000 high school students Science, civics, social studies, vocational courses (mechanics)

Racial Discrimination 1910 – 3% of African Americans (15-19) attended public high school Most went to private schools

Education for Immigrants 1860-1890 -> 10 million European immigrants Free public schools helped with Americanization Mandatory reading from King James Version of Bible -> parochial schools Adult immigrants -> night school to learn English -> daytime programs at Henry Ford’s Model T plant in Michigan

Expanding Higher Education 2.3 % went to college 10 – 12 % by 1920 Psychology, sociology, professional schools for law + medicine Entrance exams and high school diplomas for admission African Americans After Civil War (1865-1868) many pursued higher education Private donors + Freedman’s Bureau opened Howard, Atlanta, Fisk Universities

Expanding Higher Education W.E.B. Du Bois First Afr. Amer. to receive doctorate from Harvard 1905 – founded Niagara movement (NAACP)-> liberal arts education “talented tenth” – immediate inclusion into society Full social and economic equality for blacks Booker T. Washington Racism ends when blacks gain useful labor skills Proved economic value Gradual inclusion into society Dean of Tuskegee University Teaching diplomas Skills in agriculture, domestic, mechanical

Journal 11/15/13 What are the similarities and differences between their views on race? What do you think about their opinions on how to achieve racial equality?

Section 3 –Segregation and Discrimination For 10 years after Reconstruction (1865-1877) African Americans continue to vote + hold political jobs

Legal Discrimination - Voting Restrictions 1890s – Southern laws Literacy tests Poll tax – annual tax must be paid to vote Grandfather clause – eligible to vote if grandfather could vote before 1867 http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_vault/2013/06/28/voting_rights_and_the_supreme_court_the_impossible_literacy_test_louisiana.html

Jim Crow Laws Segregation laws – separate blacks and whites in public and private facilities Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – Supreme Court rules separation of races in public facilities does not violate 14th Amendment “Separate but equal”

Race Relations De facto segregation Informal rules and customs (racial etiquette) Blacks and whites did not shake hands Blacks remove their hats for whites Move over on sidewalk violence -> more than 1,400 blacks were lynched, shot, burned, hanged without trial (1882-1892) Discrimination in North -> segregated neighborhoods, discrimination in workplace + unions Tension between working-class whites + blacks NYC Race Riots (1900)

Discrimination in the West Railroads in Southwest = Mexican workers 1902 – National Reclamation Act – federal money for irrigation -> increase in agricultural work Debt peonage = laborers were slaves until they worked off debt to employer (Mexicans + Afr. Amer.)

Journal What do you do in your free time? What is the impact of leisure activities on American culture?

Section 4: The Dawn of Mass Culture Mass culture is the set of ideas and values that develop from a common exposure to the same media, news sources, music, sports and art Away from city -> amusement parks, sports, theater

Amusement Parks Coney Island 1884

Bicycling and Tennis 1885 – “safety bicycle” – air tires -> women no longer need chaperone -> “split” skirts

Spectator Sports 1903 first World Series – Boston Pilgrims beat Pitt. Pirates 1920 Negro Leagues

The Spread of Mass Culture More schools, libraries, art galleries, printing techniques

The Spread of Mass Culture Joseph Pultizer – New York World (1883) VS. William Hearst – New York Morning Journal “sin, sex, sensation”

The Spread of Mass Culture More libraries and art galleries Ashcan school of art – realism – life as it really is Thomas Eakin reflections, color, perspective

The Spread of Mass Culture Popular Fiction “dime novels” Western adventure tales

New Ways to Sell Goods Urban shopping Marshal Field opens department store in Chicago (1865) Specialized departments F.W. Woolworth opens chain stores -> sell goods for less

New Ways to Sell Goods Advertising –> medicines, soaps -> on billboards, barns, newspapers

New Ways to Sell Goods Catalogs and RFD – rural free delivery – packages brought to homes