Warm Up 3/28 A dog’s pituitary gland produces the hormone ACTH, which stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete cortisol. Cortisol helps regulate body weight, mineral balance, the structure of connective tissue, the production of white blood cells, and skin health. When cortisol levels are low, the pituitary gland secretes ACTH. When cortisol levels are high, the pituitary gland stops secreting ACTH. Based on this information, which of the following would most likely be the cause of elevated levels of cortisol in a dog? A Undersized adrenal glands B An excess of ACTH C An inactive pituitary gland D An immune response to the excess level of cortisol

Kingdom: Animalia Domain: Eukarya INVERTEBRATES!!!! 2007-2008 Domain Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Common ancestor

Heterotrophs Multicellular No cell walls Sexual reproduction must ingest others for nutrients Multicellular complex bodies No cell walls allows active movement Sexual reproduction no alternation of generations no haploid gametophyte

radial bilateral Ancestral Protist Cnidaria Nematoda Annelida Echinodermata Porifera Platyhelminthes Mollusca Arthropoda Chordata sponges jellyfish flatworms roundworms mollusks segmented worms insects spiders starfish vertebrates body & brain size,  mobility backbone redundancy, specialization,  mobility segmentation  body size endoskeleton coelom  digestive sys radial body cavity body complexity  digestive & repro sys bilateral symmetry distinct body plan; cephalization tissues specialized structure & function, muscle & nerve tissue multicellularity specialization &  body complexity bilateral Ancestral Protist

acoelomate pseudocoelomate coelomate ectoderm Space for organ system development increase digestive & reproductive systems increase food capacity & digestion increase gamete production Coelem mesoderm & endoderm interact during development allows complex structures to develop in digestive system ex. stomach mesoderm endoderm pseudocoelomate ectoderm mesoderm endoderm pseudocoel coelomate ectoderm mesoderm coelom cavity endoderm

Sponges: Name means 'full of holes' food taken into each cell by endocytosis Sponges: Name means 'full of holes' no distinct tissues or organs do have specialized cells (amoebocytes and choanocytes) no symmetry sessile (as adults)

Sponges Diffusion is the method used for circulation, gas exchange and excretion of wastes Reproduction Asexual – Fragmentation Sexual – Hermaphrodites: release egg and sperm; produce flagellated, swimming larvae

Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral tissues, but no organs two cell layers predators tentacles surround gut opening extracellular digestion release enzymes into gastrovascular cavity absorption by cells of gastrodermis Medusa = motile Polyp = sessile

Cnidocyte (stinging cell) hydra Cnidocyte (stinging cell) with nematocyst trigger discharged nematocyst undischarged tentacles mouth sensory cell stinging cell

Nerve Net: not centralized, can respond equally on all sides Use diffusion for circulation, gas exchange and excretion of wastes Reproduction Asexual – Budding (polyp) Sexual – External fertilization/development (medusa)

Animals now face the world head on! Flatworms tapeworm, planaria mostly parasitic bilaterally symmetrical cephalization = concentration of nervous system and sense organs in anterior end Eye spots Lateral flaps(smell) increase specialization in body plan Animals now face the world head on! ectoderm mesoderm endoderm acoelomate

Gastrovascular Cavity – one opening for mouth and anus Use diffusion for transport and gas exchange Protonephridia Network to excrete ammonia Flame bulbs Nephrostomes Locomotion Cilia used to move along mucus Muscles used to undulate (swim)

Roundworms bilaterally symmetrical many are parasitic Nerve ring Hookworm Nerve ring Exhibits cephalization Longitudinal muscles = thrashing motion C. elegans

Complete digestive system tube running through length of body (mouth, esophagus, midgut, rectum, anus) Midgut secretes enzymes and absorbs nutrients Material circulate body in fluid of pseudocoelom Gas exchange occurs by diffusion Wastes collected by simple structures leading to excretory pores in body wall Nitrogenous waste usually ammonia, but sometimes urea Reproduction = sexual Internal fertilization/external development Zygote = resistant cell – can survive harsh environment Rigid cuticle shed periodically

slugs, snails, clams, squid soft bodies, mostly protected by hard shells General body plan: Muscular foot (movement) Visceral mass (contains internal organs) Mantle (fold of tissue over visceral mass creating mantle cavity) Nerve ring & nerve cords – exhibit cephalization Locomotion via muscular foot, or jet propulsion

Differentiated digestive tract Radula: belt of curved teeth for scraping up food Open circulatory System: 3-chambered heart pumps hemolymph Gas exchange via gills in mantle cavity Use countercurrent exchange Nitrogenous waste removed by metanephridia Nephridiopore discharge into mantle cavity Reproduction: most reproduce sexually Many snails hermaphroditic Ciliated larvae = trochophore

Segmented worms earthworms, leeches segments increase mobility redundancy in body sections Setae (Bristles) = traction for burrowing Longitudinal + Circular muscles = peristaltic or slinky type movement fan worm leech

Closed cirulatory system Complete Digestive tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine, anus) Closed cirulatory system Separted body fluids (blood and interstitial) hemoglobin as repiratory pigment Moist skin = respiratory surface (gas exchange)

Excretory system = metanephridia in each segment Nephrostome Nephridiopore Waste usually ammonia Reproduction Some asexual – regeneration Sexual – hermaphrodites that cross fertilize

arachnids crustaceans insects 8 legs, 2 body parts spiders, ticks, scorpions crustaceans gills, 2 pairs antennae crab, lobster, barnacles, shrmp insects 6 legs, 3 body parts

Spiders, insects, crustaceans most successful animal phylum (most abundant on Earth) segmented specialized segments (head, thorax, abdomen) allows jointed appendages specialized for swimming, walking or flying exoskeleton chitin + protein Molting – shed exoskeleton periodically

Complete digestive tract (foregut, midgut, hindgut) Excretory System Extensive cephalization Well developed sense organs (eyes, olfactory, antennae) Complete digestive tract (foregut, midgut, hindgut) Excretory System Malpighian tubules Waste = uric acid (terrestrial) Waste = ammonia/urea (aquatic)

Open circulatory system (hearts and body movement circulate hemolymph) Gas exchange: Gills (aquatic) Book lungs (terrestrial) Tracheal system (terrestrial) Spiracles Tracheae Reproduction – Sexual Internal fertilization/external development Metamorphosis

Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber Name means 'spiny skin' Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber Bilateral larvae; radially symmetrical as adults spiny endoskeleton Nerve Ring with radial nerves Short Digestive tract Gills for gas exchange Excretion: Coelomocytes Phagocytize wastes and Carry to discharge sites

Circulation Water Vascular system: madreporites take in water from environment; water flows through tubes terminating in tube feet (used for locomotion) Hemal System: fluid moves through tubes due to peristalsis and cilia Reproduction Asexual – Regeneration Sexual – external fertilization and development

Which group includes snails, clams, and squid? Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata Which group includes snails, clams, and squid? Which group is the sponges? Which are the flatworms? …segmented worms? …roundworms? Which group has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton? Which two groups have radial symmetry? What is the adaptive advantage of bilateral symmetry? Which group has no symmetry? Which group includes snails, clams, and squid? Mollusks Which group is the sponges? Porifera Which are the flatworms? Platyhelminthes …segmented worms? Annelids …roundworms? Nematodes Which group has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton? Arthropods Which two groups have radial symmetry? Cnidaria, Echinoderm What is the adaptive advantage of bilateral symmetry? cephalization Which group has no symmetry? Profiera 26