THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Chapter 24

The Movement Begins

Section 1 Plessy vs. Ferguson - 1896 ruling that established “Separate but Equal” - which meant segregation was legal as long as facilities were equal “Jim Crow Laws” - set of unwritten rules that kept blacks and whites separate De Facto segregation - segregation by custom and tradition NAACP (1909) - National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Court Cases Norris v. Alabama (1935) - not allowing blacks on a jury was unconstitutional Morgan v. Virginia (1946) - segregation on buses was illegal Sweat v. Painter (1950) - schools had to admit blacks if there wasn’t a black school

Sect. 1 cont. Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) - began using sit-ins as a form of protest (1943) Thurgood Marshall - African American lawyer and director of legal defense for the NAACP --eventual Supreme Court Justice Opposition in Congress - Southern manifesto (101 members) -denounced segregation Southern Christian Leadership Conference - ministers to help desegregate and get blacks to vote

Sect.1 Rosa Parks - mother of the civil rights movement refused to give up her seat Montgomery, Alabama Sparked the bus boycott that lasted a year Martin Luther King, JR. - 26 year old Baptist Minister Preached non-violent, passive resistance

End of Sect. 1 SCLC - Southern Christian Leadership Conference - ministers to help desegregate and get blacks to vote Little Rock 9 President - Eisenhower Gov. of Arkansas - Orval Faubas Central High School had to allow 9 blacks into their school Faubus refuses, calls out the national guard to stop them Eisenhower orders Federal troops to protect students Civil Rights Act of 1957 - protect rights of blacks to vote

Section 2 Sit - ins - college students involved in non-violent protest (cafes) Jesse Jackson - student leader at N.C. Ella Baker - Ex. Dir. Of the SCLC (for students) Student non-violent coordinating Commission (SNCC) - organized blacks and some white college students Marion Barry - 1st chairperson, served later as Mayor of Washington D.C.

Sect. 2 cont. Fannie Lou Hammer - arrested for helping blacks vote Freedom riders - CORE members rode segregated buses in the deep south JFK - appointed 40 African Americans to high level positions Committee on Equal Opportunity Employment - stop Fed. Gov. from discriminating while hiring

Sect. 2 continued James Meredith - Air Force Vet. That applied to the U. of Mississippi Gov. Ross Barnett blocked his entrance, JFK had to send troops to make sure he got in MLK started to protest in Alabama , he was arrested and wrote a letter while in jail to explain why people had the right to protest Civil Rights Act of 1964 - rights for African Americans, Gov. had the power to prevent discrimination

Sect. 2 cont. Filibuster - refusal to stop debate so the representatives can vote Cloture - motion to cut off debate March on Washington - 200,000 people listened to speeches in front of Lincoln Memorial MLK - “I Have a Dream”

Last of Sect. 2 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission - Fed. Agency to monitor discrimination Voting Rights - some places would charge a poll tax - fees to vote March on Selma, Alabama - marched to vote and they were met at the bridge and beaten Successful after protection from the Gov. Voting Rights Act of 1965 - passed by LBJ Allowed Fed. Examiners to help people to vote

Section 3 1965 - 70% of blacks lived in cities, 1/2 lived in poverty, income was 1/2 that of whites Watts Riots - In a black neighborhood in L.A., alleged police brutality led to a riot -$30 million in damage, 34 people killed 1967 - riot in Detroit , 43 dead

Sect. 3 cont. Kerner Commission 1967- advisory board on civil disorder, blamed white racism, needed to create jobs in inner cities Chicago movement - Dr. King and wife moved into slum area Richard Daley - mayor of Chicago, protected King and others marching in all white neighborhoods

Sect. 3 cont. Black Power - more radical civil rights , often violence Stokeley Carmichael - leader of the SNCC in 1966, blacks can control their own destiny Cultural assimilation - adapting to majorities culture Malcolm X - part of the black power movement, member of Nation of Islam - Elijah Muhummad leader, preached separation Malcolm broke away from the NOI and was killed by 3 members, Feb. 1965

Last of Sect. 3 Black Panthers - wanted a revolution of blacks vs. whites (separation by force if needed) Eldridge Cleaver - wrote “Souls on Ice” MLK Jr. killed in 1968 by James Earl Ray James Abernathy took over the fight Civil Rights Act of 1968 - added a part for equal housing

Review for Ch. 24 MLK - passive non-violence EVER Things to study: Court cases - Norris v. Alabama - couldn’t exclude blacks on juries Sweatt v. Painter - had to admit black applicants to law school Brown v. Board of Ed. - couldn’t segregate schools, basically overturned Plessy v. Ferguson Morgan v. Virginia- segregation on buses was unconstitutional N. Carolina - sit-in (Woolworths), Tennessee (assassination of MLK), Arkansas (state v. fed gov in Little Rock 9), Alabama (bus boycott) Black power - self defense, violence if necessary, control the social and economic direction of blacks, pride and race distinctiveness MLK - passive non-violence EVER