MEMORY AND THE BRAIN LEARNING OUTCOME: EXPLAIN HOW BIOLOGICAL FACTORS MAY AFFECT ONE COGNITIVE PROCESS.

The human brain - important parts to know of-

Methods studying the brain to gain more information about memory Experiments – using leisioning - on animals. Case studies, studying people who already have brain damage. Observational techniques using scanning.

THE LEISIONING TECHNIQUE A technique used to find out about the importance of different parts of the brain. In this case which parts are responsible for different tasks important for memory. The researchers test an ability, then cut away brain tissue and test again to see if there are changes in the particular ability tested. Example: Thomson

An example – investigating Alzheimers Thomson – using classical conditioning together with lesioning to investigate what areas are active when forming memories. Goal: to come up with new methods and techniques to deal with memory disorders. Woodruff – pioneered using tests of eye-blink classical conditioning on humans to identify early onset of Alzheimers. Theory: Alzheimers impairs the transmission of acetylcholine which is the memory transmitter responsible for forming new memories. Case: A 89 years old woman who came in as a good conditioner with 50% conditioned responses – a couple of years later a serious drop of conditioned responses 25% was seen. All neuropsychological tests were still normal though and continued to be so for 5 years but then there was a rapid deterioration in the neuropsychological abilities. So these tests show impairment 5 years before the actual onset. Implications: Because Alzheimer's disease kills cells and its pathology is irreversible, early detection is the only hope for a cure or prevention.Doctors and researchers are working to develop a vaccine for Alzheimer's disease. The vaccine would block the toxins that accumulate in the brain and preserve the acetylcholine connection that is so vital to memory.

Thanks to case studies and lesioning we now know that: Our memory system is a distributed one. Brain damage(lesioning or naturally occuring) show that implicit memories rarely are affected while semantic and episodic memory can be so.

The long-term memory system Long term memory Explicit/declarative memories Semantic memories (memory of facts) Episodic memories (memories of events) Implicit memories/non- declarative memories Procedural memories (memoryof how to do things) Emotional memories (memory of how - emotional states)

Clive Wearing MRI scanning of Clive Wearing’s brain shows damage to the hippocampus and some of the frontal regions. He is suffering from both anterograde and retrograde amnesia. This give insight into the biological foundation of different memory systems. His episodic and some of his semantic memory are lost. But his implicit memory is intact. This is evidence of a distributed memory system.

H.M To stop severe epilepsy brain tissue, including the hippocampus and amygdala, was removed from H.M. H.M. Could recall early memories but could not form new ones. H.M. Suffers mainly from antereograde amnesia. watch?v=LBsW5qz5sDU

Hippocampus and amygdala – important for episodic and semantic memory.

For the future: Let’s be optimistic and beleive that this will change future: ml

Homework: Read O.R.G on intrusive techniques. Prepare a discussion about ethics. We will discuss ethical considerations and dilemmas when using: - Cases in research. - Lesioning in research. Write an extended essay response: Discuss how and why lesioning and cases are used by cognitive researchers. See CC for essay writing help.