1. I CAN Describe capacity and length of LTMDescribe capacity and length of LTM Describe the 4 types of LTMDescribe the 4 types of LTM Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

2. The Three Stages of Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Stores material organized according to meaning, also called LTM

3. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Capacity and Duration: Largest capacity and durationLargest capacity and duration Capacity is unlimitedCapacity is unlimited Lasts a lifetime unless damaged/dementiaLasts a lifetime unless damaged/dementia Unknown why it has unlimited capacityUnknown why it has unlimited capacity Stores information according to meaningStores information according to meaning The Third Stage: Long-Term Memory

4. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Parts of the Brain Associated with Long Term Memory Amygdala and Hypothalamus Strengthens memories that have strong emotional associations…. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Strengthens memories that have strong emotional associations…. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Visual Cortex Generating visual images Generating visual imagesHippocampus Deterioration of the hippocampus the cause of Alzheimer’s DiseaseDeterioration of the hippocampus the cause of Alzheimer’s Disease Long term memories make a stop here before going into long term storage Long term memories make a stop here before going into long term storage

5. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Third Stage: Long-Term Memory Procedural Memory Division of LTM that stores memories for how things are done Example: How to tie a shoe Declarative Memory Division of LTM that stores explicit information (also known as fact memory) Requires some conscious mental effort Example: The capital of Boston Yes…this was intentional 

6. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Declarative Memory Subdivisions of Declarative Memory Episodic Memory Memory that stores personal events, or “episodes” Semantic Memory Memory that stores general knowledge, including meanings of words and concepts Google-able Memory

7. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Please read the following story, and be prepared to have your memory tested for one of its sentences. This is an interesting story about the telescope. In Holland, a man named Lippershey was an eyeglass maker. One day his children were playing with some lenses. They discovered that things seemed very close if two lenses were held about a foot apart. Lippershey began experimenting, and his “spyglass” attracted much attention. He sent a letter about it to Galileo, the great Italian scientist. Galileo at once realized the importance of the discovery and set about to build an instrument of his own. He used an old organ pipe with one lens curved out and the other in. On the first clear night he pointed the glass toward the sky. He was amazed to find the empty dark spaces filled with brightly gleaming stars! Night after night Galileo climbed to a high tower sweeping the sky with his telescope. One night he saw Jupiter, and to his great surprise discovered near it three bright stars, two to the east and one to the west.

8. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Now decide which one of the following sentences was in the story A. He sent Galileo, the great Italian scientist, a letter about it. B. A letter about it was sent to Galileo, the great Italian scientist. C. Galileo, the great Italian scientist, sent him a letter about it. D. He sent a letter about it to Galileo, the great Italian scientist.

9. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Semantic memory Includes memory for: language, facts general knowledge Episodic memory Includes memory for: events, personal experiences Includes memory for: motor skills, operant and classical conditioning Long-term memory Declarative memoryProcedural memory

10. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Eidetic Memory The so-called “photographic” memory An "unfounded myth?????" Evidence of it is found more often in children than adults Eidetic memory as observed in children is typified by the ability of an individual to study an image for approximately 30 seconds, and maintain a nearly perfect photographic memory of that image for a short time once it has been removed

11. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Biological Basis of Long-Term Memory Engram or Memory Trace Physical change in the brain associated with memory Where are memories held????…Probably anywhere Long-term Potentiation (po-TEN-she-a-shun) The long-lasting improvement in communication between two neurons that results from stimulating them simultaneously

12. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Consolidation The process by which short-term memories are changed to long-term memories The Biological Basis of Long-Term Memory

13. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Amnesia Anterograde Amnesia Inability to form memories for new information (Anterograde=Acquire new) Retrograde Amnesia – Inability to remember information previously stored in memory (Retrograde=Rememb er old)

14. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 50 First Dates Trailer Watch 50 First Dates trailer http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ErjP5xMTc8I

15. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Flashbulb Memories Clear, vivid long term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event Usually accurate for at least the first year after the event Information can be lost, but not destroyed or deleted

16. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 9/11 Flashbulb Memories Watch 9/11 Flashbulb Memories on Youtube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evj6q0eCdd8

17. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Long-term memory Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Sensory Memory Attention Encoding Retrieval Maintenance Rehearsal ¼ of a second 20 seconds Forever? Forgetting

18. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Ways to use deep processing Actively question new info Relate info to things you already know Generate own examples of concepts Think about its implications Don’t highlight passages as you read Focus on the ideas in the text

19. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Which level is more effective in recalling words? Deep processing leads to better recall than shallow processing Percent of words recalled Type of Processing Shallow - Visual Visual (written in capitals?) Acoustic (rhymes with...) Semantic (type of…) Shallow - Acoustic Deep

20. CAN I? Describe capacity and length of LTM Describe the 4 types of LTM Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007