1. CLOA: Memory and the Brain

2. Kandel Kandel found that STM and LTM result in synaptic changes in the neural network (leaning (forming new memories) creates neural networks) Researchers make animals learn a new task (maze) Then cut away brain tissue by repeatedly lesioning until the task cannot be performed Cannot do this to humans= study those with brain damage (such studies show that LTM consists of several stores) – Damage to specific areas affects certain kinds of memory

3. Long Term Memory System Long-Term Memory Explicit or Declarative Semantic Memories (meaning WHAT) Episodic Memories (memory WHEN) Implicit or Non- declarative Procedural Memories (HOW to do things) Emotional Memories (HOW emotional states)

4. Explicit or Declarative Memory Consists of fact-based information that can be CONSCIOUSLY retrieved It is divided into 2 subunits: – SEMANTIC memory: memory of general knowledge and meaning – EPISODIC memory: memory from personal experience

5. Implicit or Non-declarative Memory Consists of memories we are NOT CONSCIOUSLY AWARE of It is divided into 2 subunits: – PROCEDURAL memory: the non-conscious memory for skills, habits an actions – EMOTIONAL memory: not yet understood (formed via the limbic system) and still exist even when the brain has damaged other parts of memory

6. Brain Damage Hippocampus is involved with forming new explicit memories – When damaged it cannot form explicit ones but can form implicit ones Amygdala is involved in storing emotional memories – Suggests why some emotional events are remembered better Damage to the PREFRONTAL LOBE makes it to forget emotional memories = subject to emotional outbursts

7. Clive Wearing Case study and longitudinal study by Oliver Sacks Suffered the brain infection – herpes encephalitis Left with a memory span of a few seconds, he can literally blink and couldn’t retain any new info. Ability to perceive what he saw and heard was impaired Kept a notebook which he repeatedly wrote in saying “I am now awake for the first time” and kept crossing out previous entries, claimed it was like being “dead”

8. Clive Wearing Suffers from anterograde amnesia (can’t form new memories) and retrograde amnesia (loss of old memories) MRI scans show damage to hippocampus and frontal region Loss of semantic and episodic memory Cannot transfer information into LTM Only remembers how to read music and play the piano (skills in the IMPLICIT memory) Emotional memory in tact (remembers his wife) His wife came forward with the story

9. HM – Studied by Milner and Scoville (1957) Head injury when he was 9 caused him to suffer from epileptic seizures – Doctors recommended surgery to stop the seizures Removed tissue from temporal lobe (hippocampus) Afterwards, he was unable to form new memories Suffers from anterograde amnesia (unable to remember new information) MRI scan showed damage to the hippocampus, amygdala and surrounding areas of hippocampus

10. HM and Clive Wearing – Contributions to the Understanding of Memory Created associations with what each area of the brain is responsible for How brain damage can affect memory loss, the life that person can experience from then on and also explain the onset of specific types of amnesia (which affects what memories are retained or lost in the process) Provides evidence that LTM is more complex than it appears as it comprises of more than two components (semantic and episodic (CW)) – supports Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory m. Suggests that STM and LTM are two separate stores as CW can take in info. but it is not processed or transferred in LTM