1. Chapter 6 Long-Term Memory: Structure

2. Some Questions to Consider How does damage to the brain affect the ability to remember what has happened in the past and the ability to form new memories of ongoing experiences? How are memories of personal experiences, like what you did last summer, different from memories for facts, like state capitols? How do the different types of memory interact in our everyday experience? How has memory loss been depicted in popular films?

3. Long-Term Memory “Archive” of information about past events and knowledge learned Works closely with working memory

4. Long-Term Memory Storage stretches from a few moments ago to as far back as one can remember More recent memories are more detailed

5. Long-Term Memory Korsakoff’s syndrome –Result of chronic alcoholism –Unable to form new long-term memories –Anterograde amnesia

6. Double Dissociation Functioning STM but cannot form new LTM’s –Clive Wearing –H.M. Poor STM but functioning LTM –K.F.

7. Caption: A double dissociation for STM and LTM

8. Serial Position Murdoch (1962) Read stimulus list, write down all words remembered

9. Serial Position Curve Memory better for stimuli presented at beginning –Primacy effect –More time to rehearse, more likely to enter LTM

10. Serial Position Curve Memory better for stimuli presented at end of list –Recency effect –Stimuli still in STM

11. Caption: Serial position curve (Murdoch, 1962). Notice that memory is better for words presented at the beginning of the list (primacy effect) and at the end (recency effect).

12. Coding in Long-Term Memory Predominant type: semantic coding –Remember meaning, not exact wording Others: auditory, visual

13. Types of Long-Term Memory Implicit/non-declarative: unconscious memory –Procedural –Priming: previous experience changes response without conscious awareness Explicit/declarative: unconscious memory –Episodic: personal events/episodes –Semantic: facts, knowledge

14. Caption: Long-term memory can be divided into declarative memory and implicit memory. We can also distinguish between two types of declarative memory, episodic and semantic. There are a number of different types of implicit memory. Two of the main types are repetition priming and procedural memory.

15. Types of Long-Term Memory Declarative: conscious recollection of events experienced and facts learned –Episodic: memory for personal events –Semantic: facts and knowledge

16. Types of Long-Term Memory Episodic involves mental time travel –No guarantee of accuracy Semantic does not involve mental time travel –General knowledge Episodic and semantic show a double dissociation

17. Separation of Episodic and Semantic Memories K.C. damaged hippocampus –No episodic memory, cannot relive any events of his past –Semantic memory intact, can remember general information about the past

18. Separation of Episodic and Semantic Memories Italian woman –Impaired semantic memory –Episodic memory for past events was preserved

19. Separation of Episodic and Semantic Memories Evidence from brain-imaging experiments that retrieving episodic and semantic memories activate different areas of the brain

20. Episodic and Semantic Memories Episodic can be lost, leaving only semantic –Acquiring knowledge may start as episodic but then “fade” to semantic Semantic can be enhanced if associated with episodic –Personal semantic memory: semantic memories that have personal significance –Can influence what we experience (episodic) by determining what we attend to

21. Types of Long-Term Memory Implicit: memory that unconsciously influences behavior –Repetition priming –Procedural memory –Classical conditioning

22. Repetition Priming Presentation of one stimulus affects performance on that stimulus when it is presented again

23. Repetition Priming Tulving (1982) –Presented words and then fragments to be completed –Participants completed many more primed words than new words

24. Implicit Memory Warrington and Weiskrantz (1968) –Korsakoff’s syndrome patients –Showed fragmented pictures, participant had to identify

25. Caption: Incomplete pictures developed by Gollin (1960) that were used by Warrington and Weiskrantz (1968) to study implicit memory in patients with amnesia. (Reprinted from Nature, London, 217, March 9, 1968, E. K. Warrington, & L. Weiskrantz, “New Method of Testing Long-Term Retention With Special Reference to Amnesic Patients,” pp. 972-974, Fig. 1. Copyright © 1968 with permission from Nature Publishing Group.

26. Caption: Results of Warrington and Weiskrantz’s (1968) experiment.

27. Implicit Memory in Everyday Experience Perfect and Askew (1994) –Propaganda effect: more likely to rate statements read or heard before as being true Implications for advertisements

28. Implicit Memory: Procedural Memory Skill memory: memory for actions No memory of where or when learned Perform procedures without being consciously aware of how to do them People who cannot form new LTMs can still learn new skills (e.g., H.M.)

29. Implicit Memory: Classical Conditioning Pairing a neutral stimulus with a reflexive response