13 Prisons and Jails

History of Punishment Lex talionis Flogging Mutilation/amputation Branding Public humiliation Exile Workhouses

Prisons and Jails Humanitarian alternative to corporal punishment Earliest records of a prison date back to the middle ages Incarceration became a primary form of sentence for the poor Dr. Benjamin Rush and Benjamin Franklin were supporters of the Pennsylvania system

History of Prisons and Jails Pennsylvania System, 1790 Auburn System, 1819 Reformatory Movement, 1877 Industrial Era, 1890–1935 Punitive Era, 1935-1945 Treatment Era, 1945-1967 Community-Based Treatment Era, 1967-1980 Warehousing Era, 1980-1995

Current Era of Corrections Just Deserts Era, 1995-2012 A return to the root purpose of incarceration: punishment Limited inmate privileges and “get tough” policies Evidence-Based Era, 2012-present Built around the need to employ cost-effective solutions to correctional issues

Prison Populations There are approximately 1,720 state prisons and 119 federal prisons in operation across the country today On January 1, 2013, the nation’s state and federal prisons held 1,571,013 inmates, of which 1,512,391 were serving sentences of a year or more Slightly more than 7% of those imprisoned were women James J. Stephan, Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 2005 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2008). Carson and Golinelli, Prisoners in 2012, p. 2.

Costs of Incarceration Average is $62 per inmate per day at the state level and $77.50 at the federal level California pays over $150 per day for each inmate housed The costs to run the nation’s corrections programs exceeded $80 billion in 2012 James J. Stephan, State Prison Expenditures, 2001 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2004); and Administrative Office of the United States Courts, “Newly Available: Costs of Incarceration and Supervision in FY 2010,” June 23, 2011, http://www.uscourts.gov/News/NewsView/11-06-23/Newly_Available_Costs_of_Incarceration_and_Supervision_in_FY_2010.aspx Tracey Kyckelhahn, Justice Expenditures and Employment Extracts Program 2010, (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, July 2013).

Population vs. Capacity Prison capacity The size of the correctional population an institution can effectively hold Rated Number of inmates a prison can handle according to the judgment of experts Bureau of Justice Statistics, Correctional Populations in the United States (Washington, DC: BJS, various years).

Population vs. Capacity Operational Number of inmates a prison can effectively accommodate based on management considerations Design Number of inmates a prison was intended to hold when it was built or modified Bureau of Justice Statistics, Correctional Populations in the United States (Washington, DC: BJS, various years).

The State Prison System Classification system A system used by prison administrators to assign inmates to custody levels based on offense history, assessed dangerousness, perceived risk of escape, and other factors Supermax security level Maximum security level Medium security level Minimum security level

AIMS Adult Internal Management System Was developed to reduce institutional predatory behavior by separating predators from vulnerable inmates using 3 aspects: Record of misconduct Ability to follow staff directions Level of aggression toward other inmates

State Prisons One out of every four state institutions is a large, maximum-security prison with a population approaching 1,000 inmates Profile of prisoners: Low level of formal education Socially disadvantaged background Lack of significant vocational skill Most have served time in a juvenile facility

The Federal Prison System Federal Bureau of Prisons Over 80 different types of federal correctional facilities Five security levels: Administrative maximum (ADMAX) High security Medium security Low security Minimum security

Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 Applied to federal prisons Established determinate sentencing Abolished parole Reduced good time

Current Uses for Jails Receive individuals pending arraignment and those awaiting trial, conviction, or sentencing Detain juveniles, mentally ill, and others pending transfer Release convicted inmates to the community upon completion of their sentence

Current Uses for Jails Transfer inmates to, or house inmates for, federal, state, or other authorities Operate community-based programs with day reporting, home detention, electronic monitoring, or other types of supervision Readmit probation, parole, and bail-bond violators and absconders

Jails There are 3,283 jails operating in U.S. Approximately 234,000 jail employees Average cost is $15,000 per year/per inmate Most jails are designed to house 50 or fewer inmates 6% of the jails hold over 50% of the prisoners James Stephan, Census of Jail Facilities, 2006 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2011), p. 1.

MegaJails Los Angeles County’s Twin Towers correctional facility has 4,000 beds Cook County, IL has more than 1,200 personnel on its payroll Los Angeles & New York City together held 4.2% of all jail inmates in 2012 See Gale Holland, “L.A. Jail Makes Delayed Debut,” USA Today, January 27, 1997, p. 3A. See Dale Stockton, “Cook County Illinois Sheriff ’s Office,” Police, October 1996, pp. 40–43 Todd D. Minton, Jail Inmates at Midyear 2012 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2013), p. 10

Women and Jail Women number only 15% of the country’s jail population, but they are the largest growth group Education levels are low Drug abuse Pregnancy upon entering incarceration Todd D. Minton, Jail Inmates at Midyear 2012 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2013), p. 10 William Reginald Mills and Heather Barrett, “Meeting the Special Challenge of Providing Health Care to Women Inmates in the ‘90s,” American Jails, Vol. 4, No. 3 (September/October 1990), p. 55. American Correctional Association, Vital Statistics in Corrections

Changes to Prisons Today Moving to the “pod” system of construction Teaching inmates marketable skills Building regional jails to combine the resources of several smaller communities State and organizational requirements for jail management Tom Rosazza, “Jail Standards: Focus on Change,” American Jails (November/December 1990), pp. 84–87

Private Prisons Privatization The movement toward prisons being operated for state and federal government by private enterprise for profit Private prisons held 8.2% of all state prisoners and 17.8% of federal prisoners at the start of 2012 Studies have not found the cost savings that were anticipated with privatization Eric Bates, “Private Prisons: Over the Next Five Years Analysts Expect the Private Share of the Prison ‘Market’ to More Than Double,” The Nation, Vol. 266, No. 1 (1998), pp. 11–18 Sechrest and Shichor, “Private Jails,” p. 10