Classification of Living Things

Non-Science Example of Classification The item in this picture is Automobile: Truck, Car, or SUV? Car Made by? Ford Type of Ford car? Mustang -Was made in what year? 2002 -Is it Convertible? No -Color? Silver

Classification: Goes from General to Specific Automobile – Biggest Car Ford Mustang 2002 -Non Convertible -Silver - Specific

Classification Classify – to group things together based on similarities Why Classify? To make organisms easier to identify & compare How do we classify? Compare Traits – features or characteristics of an organisms

The Million Dollar Question is: Why do we need a system of order and organization among the extreme diversity of life?

ANSWER: Little Known Fact: There are over 1.5 Million Organisms__; and more are discovered each year. Why do we classify? Somewhere between 2 and 100 million have yet to be discovered. Classification serves as an organization system for all the existing and new organisms

TAXONOMY The science by which organisms are classified and placed into categories based on their structural similarities and evolutionary relationships. Early attempts at classification often described the physical characteristics of organisms.

Aristotle 384-322 B.C. 2 Groups: Plants and Animals ANIMALS – CLASSIFIED ON THE BASIS OF STRUCTURE & SIZE PLANTS – CLASSIFIED ON THE BASIS OF WHERE THEY LIVE

Plant/Animal System Example 2 Kingdom Broad classification based on: Color & Mobility Green, Non Mobile Not Green, Mobile

How would you classify this using the Plant/Animal system?

How would you classify this using the Plant/Animal system? Praying Mantis Green but.. Mobile Aristotle’s Grouping of life not specific enough

CAROLUS LINNAEUS (1707-1778) Swedish naturalist Laid the groundwork for the modern classification system. Based his work on morphological similarities.

Basis for Classification: 1. Comparative Anatomy (Structure) Compares Physical ex: Homologous Structures, Traits 2. Biochemistry – ex: DNA and RNA 3. Embryology – Comparing Developing Embryos 4. Molecular Basis – ex: Cellular Structure 5. Phylogeny Related Organisms with common ancestors ex: Derived Characteristics

Linnaeus Divisions Still Used in Modern Classification 1. Kingdom – largest group 2. Phylum 3. Class 4. Order 5. Family 6. Genus 7. Species (Most Closely Related)

Mnemonic Device – To help remember categories and order Kingdom - King Phylum - Phillip Class – Came Order – Over Family - For Genus - Ginger Species - Snaps

Taxons Within each category, a particular group is called a Taxon There are many taxons for each catergory. Ex: Mammalia is the Taxon for the Class category in panthers. Ex: Panthera is the Taxon for the Genus category in panthers.

Linnaeus Introduced Scientific Naming Binomial Nomenclature is the 2 word scientific name of an organism Uses Genus and Species Genus is capitalized, not species, all italicized In writing the name, can’t italicize, so underline Homo sapien (Genus and species of Human) Panthera leo (Genus and species of Lion) Used Latin – Felis concolor or Felis concolor

Example Classification Lion 1. Kingdom – Animalia (all Animals) 2. Phylum – Chordata (All vertebrate animals) 3. Class – Mammalia (All Mammals – mammary glands) 4. Order – Carnivora (Meat eaters) 5. Family – Felidae (includes all Cats) 6. Genus – Panthera (Includes all roaring Cats) 7. Species – leo (Lions)

From Kingdom to Species

Three Domain System Classification

Timeline of Classification 1. 384 – 322 B.C. Aristotle 2 Kingdom Broad Classification 2. 1707 - 1778 Carl Linnaeus 2 Kingdom Multi-divisional Classification Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family Genus, Species 3. Evolutionary Classification – (After Darwin) Group By lines of Evolutionary Descent 4. 5 Kingdom System – 1950s 5. 6 Kingdom System – 1990s 6. 3 Domain System – 1990s

Three Domain System Bacteria – Common Bacteria Archaea – Ancient Bacteria Eukarya – Includes everything else, Protist, Fungi, Plants, and Animals

Which is the most primitive?

Domain Bacteria Corresponds to Eubacteria Kingdom Unicellular Prokaryotic (No Nucleus) Ecologically Diverse – live everywhere! Cell Walls contain substance called Peptidoglycan – special protein and sugar Autotroph and Heterotrophs Target of many Antibiotics ex. Strep Throat and Food Poisoning Not all bad….used to turn grapes into wine Ex. Cyanobacteria, blue-green algae

Domain Archaea Corresponds to Kingdom Archaebacteria Unicellular Prokaryotes (No Nucleus) Heterotrophs and Autotroph Cells Walls without peptidogylcan Live in Extreme environments like those of early Earth ex. Volcanic Hot Springs…..some even live in your gut

Summary of Bacteria All Unicellular Prokaryotes (No Nucleus) Heterotrophs or Autotrophs What is the big difference? Cell Wall – Does it have Peptidoglycan? Archaebacteria Bacteria – With Peptidoglycan Archaea – Without Peptidoglycan

Domain Eukarya Most visible life Humans are in Domain Eukarya Contains Multiple Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia Eukaryotic – Has a nucleus Single or multi-cellular Most visible life Humans are in Domain Eukarya Diatom

Fungid Coral – It can move

Fungi - Mushrooms All in the same domain as us!

3 Domains contain 6 Kingdoms Classification

Just another example of changes in science 5 Kingdoms turns into 6 Monera is now Eubacteria and Archaeabacteria Just another example of changes in science

6 Kingdom System Eubacteria Archaeabacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Eubacteria Domain Bacteria Unicellular Prokaryotic (No Nucleus) Ecologically Diverse – live everywhere! Cell Walls contain substance called Peptidoglycan – special protein and sugar Target of many Antibiotics ex. Strep Throat (Streptococcus) and Food Poisoning (E. Coli) Not all bad….used to turn grapes into wine Ex. Cyanobacteria, blue-green algae

Kingdom Archaeabacteria Domain Archaea Unicellular Prokaryotes (No Nucleus) Heterotrophs and Autotroph Cells Walls without peptidogylcan Live in Extreme environments like those of early Earth ex. Methanogens & Halophiles found in Volcanic Hot Springs….. some even live in your gut

Protista Domain Eukarya Eukaryotic Majority are unicellular, but some are colonial or multicellular. Heterotrophs and autotrophs May or may not have a cell wall Extreme diversity! Can be plant like or animal like. Examples: Algae, Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Volvox.

Fungi Domain Eukarya Eukaryotic; cell walls of chitin. Majority multicellular; few unicellular. Heterotrophs; feed on dead or decaying organic matter. (_Decomposer_) Examples: Mushrooms, yeast, bread mold. Bread Mold

Plantae Domain Eukarya Eukaryotic, multicellular, cell walls of cellulose. Autotrophs; photosynthesis  chloroplast. Examples: Mosses, ferns, flowering plants, cacti.

Animalia Domain Eukarya Eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell walls. Heterotrophs Examples: Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals, reptiles. Extreme diversity is found in this kingdom