Macromolecules

Composed of long chains of smaller molecules Macromolecules are formed through the process of _____________. Polymerization= large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together Small units (_____________) form larger units (______________) There are four groups of organic compounds found in living things…

4 organic compounds in living things: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids

Dehydration Reactions “AKA” condensation reaction Dehydrate= lose water Synthesis= to join or make Monomers combined & H2O released

Hydrolysis Form of digestion Hydrate= to water ysis = process of With the breaking of bonds, water molecules are added to each smaller molecule

Let’s Review Draw a hydrogen bond. What are the smaller pieces of macromolecules called? The bigger pieces? How do macromolecules combine? Break apart?

1. Carbohydrates AKA: sugars or carbs Monomer: Monosaccharide Polymer: Disaccharide Elements: The ratio is 1:2:1 C:H:O Examples: Monosaccharide: Glucose, Frutose, Galactose Disaccharide: Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose, Glycogen, Amylose, Cellulose Special Info: 1. Organisms use carbs as a primary source of fuel/energy

Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides = “giant” sugar made from the combination of 3 or more monosaccharides “AKA” starches Large insoluble molecules that cannot diffuse in/out of cell Special Information: long –term energy storage or structural support

Animal Starch Glycogen= storage starch for an organisms supply of glucose Animals can store a one –day supply of glycogen in the liver and muscles Chitin= starch that forms the exoskeleton of arthropods and insects AND also cell walls of various fungi

Plant Starch Amylose= surplus glucose storage in chloroplasts Cellulose = structural glucose that forms the cell wall in plant cells

2. Proteins Monomer: Amino Acids Polymer: Protein (polypeptide bond) Elements: C, H, O, N Examples: Actin and myosin (muscle function) Special Info: Controls rate of reactions and cell processes Used in the protective skin and muscle tissue of animals Also function in structure, hormones, transportation, and enzymes

Amino Acids Building blocks for proteins Small molecules that can easily diffuse in/ out of the cell Integral to the formation and copying of DNA 20 different amino acids are divided into two categories 1. Essential = must be ingested (9) 2. Non-Essential = can be produced in the body R Group: Distinguishes one amino acid from another Carboxyl Group, C=OOH Amino Group NH 2

Peptides During the dehydration synthesis of two monomers, a peptide bond forms Peptide bond = a covalent bond that links amino acids together to create proteins. Polypeptide bond= bonding together of numerous amino acids

Proteins are composed of polypeptides in various bond structures (primary, secondary. tertiary, quaternary) Proteins can be denatured as they act as enzymes

3. Lipids “AKA” fats Monomer: fatty acid and glycerol Elements: C, H, O They are not polymers Examples: Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Waxes Special Information: Used to store energy, Important part of biological membranes and waterproof coverings

Fat Structure Glycerol consists of a 3 -carbon skeleton with a hydroxyl group attached Fatty acid consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton, often 16 to 18 carbons long Joined through dehydration synthesis

Saturated vs Unsaturated Saturated: "Bad" fat (butter) Solid at Room Temp Unsaturated: "Good Fat" (oils) Liquid at room temp

Phospholipids Make up the phospholipid bilayer Polar hydrophilic head Nonpolar hydrophobic tails “Like dissolves like”

4. Nucleic Acids Monomer: Nucleotides = 5-C sugar combined with a phosphate group and nitrogenous base Elements: C, H, O, N, P Special Info: Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic info Examples: 1. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) 2. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Conclusion Questions How many atoms can bond with C, H, O, and H? Where are the hydrogen bonds? What is a lipid made up of? What is the purpose of an R group?