The Industrial Revolution The greatly increased output of machine made goods that began in England in the 18 th century

Changes in Agriculture  Wealthy landowners bought village farms and made changes to farming techniques Agricultural Revolution  Enclosures: large enclosed fields where landowners experimented with farming methods  Crop rotation: A system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the land

Changes in Agriculture  OUTCOMES:  Experimentation with farming techniques  Small farmers forced to become tenant farmers or move to cities many became factory workers  Increase in food supplies improved living conditions increased population increased demand for food and goods

Industrialization  Industrialization: the process of developing machine production of goods  Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?  Water power and coal to fuel the machines  Iron ore to build the machines  Rivers for transportation  Harbors from which merchants could set sail  Strong economy and political stability England had the factors of production, or land, labor and capital, which were the resources needed to produce goods and services

Inventions in the Textile Industry  Spinning Jenny (1764) allowed a workers to spin 8 threads at one time  Inventions regarding water power to drive the spinning wheels in the 1770s and 1780s further increased the production of textiles Spinning Jenny

Factories  Large buildings that housed textile machines  Owned by wealthy entrepreneurs:  People who organize, manage and takes on the risks of a business  Originally located on rivers and streams for waterpower

Cotton Gin  England received its cotton from the American south, who had used slave labor to remove the seeds from cotton by hand  1793 – Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin to remove seeds  Production of cotton increased from 1.5 million pounds (1790) to 85 million pounds (1810)

Improvements in Transportation  Steam engine (1705)  Steamboat (1807) manmade canals for transportation  Improvements in roads in the 1800s  Railroad (1820), which would dominate industrial transportation in England  Cheap way to transport materials and finished products  Created jobs as railroad workers and miners (providing iron for the tracks)

Improvements in Transportation

Manchester, England, 1851

German Factory, 1840

Effects of Industrialization  Urbanization: After 1800 more people moved to cities rather than rural areas  Why?  The growth of the factory system brought people looking for jobs to the cities  This led to a population explosion in industrial cities

Living Conditions in Cities  No sanitary codes  no drains; heaps of garbage in the streets  Lacked adequate housing, education, police protection  People lived in crowded conditions where disease spread quickly

Industrialization in the U.S.  Samuel Slater: British mill worker who emigrated to the United States in 1789, bringing British ideas of industrialization with him  Francis Cabot Lowell: Revolutionized American industry in Lowell, Massachusetts

Impact of Industrialization  Growth of corporations: business owned by stockholders who share in the profits but are not personally responsible for debts  Global Inequality: wider gap between industrialized and non-industrialized nations imperialism  Imperialism: the policy of extending one country’s rule over many other lands  Growing gap between rich and poor

Philosophers of Industrialization  Adam Smith  Laissez-faire economics: “Let people do as they please” without government interference  Believed government regulation of business interfered with the production of wealth  Capitalism: an economic system based on private ownership, in which money is invested in business with the goal of making a profit

Philosophers of Industrialization  Thomas Malthus  MAIN IDEA: population increased more quickly than food supply, so people would always be poor and miserable  David Ricardo  MAIN IDEA: the permanent underclass would always be poor because if there were many workers, their labor would always be cheap; as population increased, wages would decrease Against government efforts to help the workers because they believed it would hurt the production of wealth in society

Philosophers of Industrialization  Jeremy Bentham  Philosophy of utilitarianism: believed government interference in business was only useful if they promoted the greatest good for the greatest number of people

Philosophers of Industrialization  Socialism:  Factors of production are owned by the public and operated for the welfare of all  Believed that the government should plan the economy rather than rely on free- market capitalism  Government control of factories, mines, railroads, etc. to help the workers who were at the hands of greedy employers  Grew out of a concern for social justice

Philosophers of Industrialization  Karl Marx  German journalist who introduced radical socialism, or Marxism, to the world  Wrote The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels  KEY IDEAS: Human society has always been divided between the haves and have-nots HAVES: Owners of production or bourgeoisie HAVE-NOTS: Workers or proletariat VS.

The Future According to Marx 1) Small number of manufacturers would control all the wealth 2) Revolt by the proletariat – they would seize factories and workers would share the profits, bringing about economic equality for all people 3) “dictatorship of the proletariat” would eventually lead to a classless society, or communism: a form of complete socialism in which the means of production is owned by the people, all goods/services are shared equally and private property no longer exists

Other Reforms  Unions: groups of voluntary workers who pressed for reforms in the 1800s, such as higher pay and shorter hours  Participated in collective bargaining, or negotiations between workers and they employers for better working conditions  If demands were not met, workers could strike, or refuse to work  Although many unions were initially outlawed, they eventually won the right to strike and picket peacefully, which led to reforms aimed at improving the lives of workers