From Settler Colonies to Resource Exploitation

 Occurred when European family units moved into a region in large numbers  Intent is to replace native population with a new population of people  Key resource (pull factor) is the availability of land & economic opportunities  Push Factors  Overpopulation back in Europe

 Originally settled by farmers and ranchers from the Netherlands (Boers/Afrikaners)  Contact with native Xhosa tribes led to near extinction of the Africans, who didn’t have resistance to disease from the Dutch Europeans  British take control of the tip of Africa in 1806  Abolition of slavery in 1833 leads to eastward migration of Afrikaners who would fight against the Zulu people under their leader, Shaka Zulu  Diamonds and Gold  Discovery of diamonds (1867) and gold (1886) deposits lead to British miner migrations  Led to South African War b/t British and Dutch Afrikaners  Reconciliation b/t Afrikaners and British was reached and the Union of South Africa was formed which had whites control all native black Africans. SETTLER COLONIES: Case Study 1

 Native Aborigine population was a foraging/fishing society  Considered savages by the British  1770, James Cook claims Australia for Britain on his voyages  Originally settled as a penal colony  200 free settlers  800 convicts  Decline of Aboriginal Population  Infectious disease  Forced resettlement  Removal of children  Destruction of culture  As number of white British settlers increased, Aboriginal population was forced off land and pushed into the interior (the Outback) SETTLER COLONIES: Case Study 2

 Coastal region was considered an integral part of France  Natives (largely Ottoman Muslims) pushed out as Europeans moved in  Colonized by  peasants/working-class poor from Italy, Spain, and France  political exiles and convicts from France  Napoleon III  Respected natives and tried to prevent contact/exploitation by limiting settlement to the coast  French officials disagreed  Continued to grant land to colons  Goal was to provide land for wheat production  Tribal leaders sold land to turn a quick profit SETTLER COLONIES: Case Study 3

 What is it?  A colony with very few white European settlers

 Colonized under King Leopold II – forced local chiefs to sign treaties giving up power at gunpoint  Non settlement colony (in 1900, just over 1,000 Belgians lived in Congo, whose territory was 80x larger than all of Belgium itself)  Based on resource/labor exploitation  Rubber tree plantations  Forced labor  Cruel treatment of natives, high taxes  As many as 4-8 million native Congalese died as a result Belgian Congo Non-settler Colony: Case Study 1

 Attempts to imitate Tran- Oceanic expansion occurred  United States  Ideology of Manifest Destiny caused US gov’t and settlers to push natives off of their land as land & expansion to the Pacific took place  Russia  Relied on serfdom/agriculture  Serfdom abolished in 1861, but the system of oppression of peasants didn’t really end  Attempting to expand territory East to the Pacific & South to gain…Warm Water Ports!  Push for Industrialization  Trans-Siberian Railroad  Opened Siberia for settlement  Began producing steel, coal, and petroleum