Ch. 22, Section 2

Association of workers organized to improve wages & working conditions Groups have more power than individuals National Labor Relations Board – regulates elections and union existence Types of Unions Trade Example Industry Example

Amer. Federation of Federal Employees United American Nurses Airline Pilots Assoc. Amer. Federation of Teachers American Postal Workers Union

Development 1800s Poor working conditions Workers fired for no reason Workers blacklisted Knights of Labor 1st major union founded in 1869 Organized all laborers Terrence V. Powderly 1886 peak of membership at 700,000 Ended in 1900

American Federation of Labor (AFL) Organized in 1886 Denied unskilled workers, women, African Americans & immigrants Samuel Gompers Fought for higher wages, shorter hours & benefits for disabled By 1900 membership reached 500,000 Samuel Gompers

Closed Shop – Companies hire only union members Union Shop – Workers must join the union after a specified time Agency Shop – Not required to join a union, but must pay dues Open Shop – Companies may hire workers regardless of membership Modified Union Shop – Workers given an option to join a union after hiring

Closed shop is illegal for any company making goods sold in other states Allowed states to ban union shop and create right to work laws Anti-Taft-Hartley Act Posters

1. Corporation 2. Partnership 3. Sole-Proprietorship 4. Franchise

Process where union leaders & employers discuss employment terms Compromise is the issue 3 steps Negotiation – Labor & management meet to discuss contract issues Mediation – A neutral 3rd party hears both sides Federal Mediation & Conciliation Service provides a mediator Arbitration – 3rd party makes a final decision of compromise

1. Traditional Economies 2. Command Economies 3. Market Economies 4. Laser Taser Watches

Worker/Union Strikes – workers refuse to work Picketing – used to discourage other workers from working Boycott – Refuse to purchase goods or services from the company Scab – Worker willing to work on company terms Business/Management Lockout Blacklist

Strike Picketing ViolenceScabs/Strikebreakers

1869 – Knights of Labor founded 1886 – AFL founded 1882 – First Labor Day parade 1892 – Homestead Strike 1911 – Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire 1912 – Bread and Roses strike; Dept. Labor founded 1914 – Ludlow Massacre 1920 – Women get right to vote in US 1946 – Largest strike wave in US history 1947 – Taft-Hartley Act 1955 – AFL and CIO merge 1970 – Occupational Safety and Health Act passed (OSHA) 1981 – President Reagan breaks air traffic controllers strike 2013 – Union membership hits 97 year low (14.3 million union members, 11.3% of population)

million million 3. 2 million ,000

1. Complimentary 2. Mr. Freeze 3. Inelastic 4. Elastic

Right to Work States Prevents unions from forcing workers to join Movement of Human Capital Rust belt – the North Sun belt – the South Factories & businesses moved from the rustbelt to the sunbelt Weather was better Cheaper labor No existing unions White collar vs. Blue collar jobs White Collar = upper management Lot of news lately on white collar crime in big business. Example: Enron, Merrill LynchMerrill Lynch Blue Collar = working class, usually doing manual labor Blue Collar Workers Right to Work States in Blue