Introduction to the Immune System Honors Agriculture Biology

The Immune System

In the previous clip, what were some means of disease transmission that you could identify? Are these direct (person to person) or indirect (using a host to transmit the disease)? Make a list of those that you can remember. Now, look at the next clip and identify those means of transmission that are both direct and indirect.

The Immune System

The body’s defense mechanism against attack from infectious diseases, bites, viruses, etc. Anything (organism) that causes a disease is called a pathogen Most commonly infectious organisms are called pathogens Some pathogens cause disease by producing poisons called toxins, while some pathogens such as worms will burrow into muscle tissue and other cells and destroy the tissues

The Immune System How can this (skin) act as a barrier to pathogens? What type of barrier is this? Specific or Non-specific? How?

What do all pet and livestock owners have in common with people? Aside from the necessities of life, what are some basic needs to keep your animals healthy?

What is a Disease? Disease is when the infection causes damage to the individual’s vital functions or systems. Not all infections lead to a disease! Some disease can be passed from animals to humans= zoonotic

How are diseases spread? Direct Contact (person to person) Vertical: kissing, sneezing, sexual contact, etc. Horizontal: placenta, breast milk Indirect Contact: requires a carrier or vector for the disease to be spread Air, objects, etc. can be vectors and carry infectious agents from one person to another, thus transmitting the disease

What is this?

The previous slides were pictures of sore mouth in sheep in goats. This is a picture of the same disease in humans, called “orf”. True or False: This is a zoonotic disease? True

Why is understanding about immunity so important in agriculture? A disease outbreak in plants or animals could be devastating both financially as well as in public perception. As agriculturists it is our job to provide a safe high quality product for the consumer, so we need to continue to educate those around us!

What kind of Transmission is this? Insect bite- indirect, because the insect carries the pathogen (they are the host)

How are Disease Spread? Water and Food can be a cause for the spread of disease in areas where sanitation issues are a problem, such as amebic dysentery from contaminated water and Salmonella from eggs, turkey, etc. Animal Bites are also concern for the transmission of disease, because of the fact that animals can be a vector for many viruses, i.e. bubonic plague was spread by fleas, Lyme disease is spread by ticks, rabies is spread in the saliva of infected mammals, such as dogs

What mode of transmission is this? Direct Contact- person to person

Non-Specific Defenses First Line of Defense: Tears, mucus, skin, hair, nails, cilia (nose hairs), etc. (Much like a fence surrounds a house to protect burglars from entering) Non-specific because the defenses do not care what type of pathogen tries to enter Your skin acts as a barrier to protect your internal organs from ANY pathogen trying to enter

What type of defense is this? What is he doing? What type of defense is this? Non-specific, because the tears wash away pathogens

Inflammatory Response Histamine Response: dilates the blood vessels allowing for increased blood flow and swelling Phagocytes swarm to the area to engulf bacteria in a non-specific manner Pyrogens cause the brain to increase body temp. (fever) to try and kill the bacteria

Inflammatory Response cont. Platelets will help to seal the wound!

Immune System in Agriculture Q:How does the immune system play a significant role in animal agriculture? A:The first line of response is extremely important in preventing disease in all animals.

Immune System in Agriculture Q:How does the immune system play a significant role in animal agriculture? A:Vaccinations are an important step in prevention of such outbreaks as, sore mouth and blue tongue (sheep), tetanus and many other diseases that can have devastating effects on the animal industry.

Assignment!! Class Activity: Using your book, draw the diagram of the Inflammatory Response. Label all parts and explain the process.