Chapter 18: Cold War Conflicts Section 2: Origins of the Cold War

Standards , , & , , & Trace the declining role of Great Britain and the expanding role of the United States in world affairs after World War II Trace the declining role of Great Britain and the expanding role of the United States in world affairs after World War II Describe the increased powers of the presidency in response to the Cold War Describe the increased powers of the presidency in response to the Cold War Trace the origins and geopolitical consequences (foreign and domestic) of the Cold War and containment policy, including the following: Trace the origins and geopolitical consequences (foreign and domestic) of the Cold War and containment policy, including the following: The Truman Doctrine The Truman Doctrine The Korean War The Korean War

Objectives Following lecture and reading of this section, students will be able to: Following lecture and reading of this section, students will be able to: 1. Explain how Communists came to power in China and how the United States reacted. 2. Summarize the events of the Korean War. 3. Explain the conflict between President Truman and General MacArthur.

Review Following WWII, tensions between the former allies (US and USSR) arise again Following WWII, tensions between the former allies (US and USSR) arise again Economic and Political differences Economic and Political differences US- Democratic and Capitalist US- Democratic and Capitalist Freedom of movement and ownership Freedom of movement and ownership USSR- Dictatorship and Communist USSR- Dictatorship and Communist Military rule, no private ownership Military rule, no private ownership The plans of each country for post WWII world were very different The plans of each country for post WWII world were very different The US focus was on Containing Communism The US focus was on Containing Communism Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan USSR focused on keeping Germany weak USSR focused on keeping Germany weak

The Cold War Heats Up After World War II After World War II China became a communist nation China became a communist nation Communists defeated Nationalist (US friendly) forces to take over the nation Communists defeated Nationalist (US friendly) forces to take over the nation The Communists were led by Mao Zedong The Communists were led by Mao Zedong The Nationalists were led by Chiang Kai-shek The Nationalists were led by Chiang Kai-shek Korea is split into two Korea is split into two Communist north Communist north Democratic south Democratic south

Mao Zedong (C) Chiang Kai-Shek (D) Mao Zedong (C) Chiang Kai-Shek (D)

China Becomes a Communist Country Nationalists Versus Communists Nationalists Versus Communists Chinese Communists battle nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek Chinese Communists battle nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek U.S. supports Chiang, but his government is inefficient and corrupt U.S. supports Chiang, but his government is inefficient and corrupt Communists, led by Mao Zedong, work to get peasant support Communists, led by Mao Zedong, work to get peasant support Peasants flock to Red (Communist) Army Peasants flock to Red (Communist) Army By 1945, communists control north China By 1945, communists control north China

Renewed Civil War After WWII, the Japanese who had tried to control China during WWII had been eliminated After WWII, the Japanese who had tried to control China during WWII had been eliminated The existing government (Nationalists) now faced Communist opposition The existing government (Nationalists) now faced Communist opposition , U.S. sends military aid to Nationalists to oppose communist rebellion , U.S. sends military aid to Nationalists to oppose communist rebellion 1949, Nationalists flee to island of Taiwan 1949, Nationalists flee to island of Taiwan Containment failed! Containment failed! Communists established People’s Republic of China in mainland Communists established People’s Republic of China in mainland

America Reacts to Communist Takeover U.S. does not recognize Communist Chinese government U.S. does not recognize Communist Chinese government U.S. public stunned by Communist takeover U.S. public stunned by Communist takeover Conservatives blame Truman for not sending enough aid Conservatives blame Truman for not sending enough aid Some begin to question Truman’s and other democrat’s toughness on Communist expansion Some begin to question Truman’s and other democrat’s toughness on Communist expansion

The Korean War A Divided Country A Divided Country Since 1910 Japan had controlled Korea Since 1910 Japan had controlled Korea When the Japanese had been defeated in WWII they had to give up all land outside of Japan When the Japanese had been defeated in WWII they had to give up all land outside of Japan 38th parallel (38° N latitude) divides Japanese surrender in Korea 38th parallel (38° N latitude) divides Japanese surrender in Korea Japanese troops north of 38th parallel surrendered to U.S.S.R. Japanese troops north of 38th parallel surrendered to U.S.S.R. Japanese troops south of 38th parallel surrendered to U.S. Japanese troops south of 38th parallel surrendered to U.S. North and South Korea were formed North and South Korea were formed

Surrender Sparks Differences The result of the surrender: The result of the surrender: U.S.S.R and U.S. now have the ability to create influence in the area in which soldiers surrendered to them U.S.S.R and U.S. now have the ability to create influence in the area in which soldiers surrendered to them Since Japanese rule is done there is no government Since Japanese rule is done there is no government Japanese troops north of 38th parallel surrendered to U.S.S.R. Japanese troops north of 38th parallel surrendered to U.S.S.R. Korea, north of the 38 th parallel becomes Communist Korea, north of the 38 th parallel becomes Communist Japanese troops south of 38th parallel surrendered to U.S. Japanese troops south of 38th parallel surrendered to U.S. Korea, south of the 38 th parallel becomes Democratic Korea, south of the 38 th parallel becomes Democratic

The War Begins North Korea Attacked South Korea North Korea Attacked South Korea 1950, North Korea invaded South, began Korean War 1950, North Korea invaded South, began Korean War South Korea called on UN to help stop invasion; Security Council approves South Korea called on UN to help stop invasion; Security Council approves UN assigned MacArthur to lead forces against North Koreans UN assigned MacArthur to lead forces against North Koreans 500K South Korean forces 500K South Korean forces 500K U.S. forces 500K U.S. forces

The United States Fights in Korea MacArthur’s Counterattack MacArthur’s Counterattack North Korea drove south, captured Seoul North Korea drove south, captured Seoul UN, South Korean troops forced into small defensive zone UN, South Korean troops forced into small defensive zone Pusan Peninsula Pusan Peninsula MacArthur attacked North Koreans from two sides and pushed into North Korea MacArthur attacked North Koreans from two sides and pushed into North Korea Invasion came behind North Korean advance and forced many North Koreans to surrender Invasion came behind North Korean advance and forced many North Koreans to surrender Inchon Inchon

Battle of Inchon

The Chinese Enter the Fight The UN troops made a great recovery The UN troops made a great recovery Gaining the upper hand, UN troops push passed the 38 th parallel and north very near the North Korean-Chinese border Gaining the upper hand, UN troops push passed the 38 th parallel and north very near the North Korean-Chinese border North Korea could have fallen North Korea could have fallen China is Communist and does not want a democratic nation on their border China is Communist and does not want a democratic nation on their border China sent troops in to help North Korea China sent troops in to help North Korea Chinese troops pushed south; recaptured Seoul Chinese troops pushed south; recaptured Seoul Fighting continued for 2 more years Fighting continued for 2 more years

McArthur and Truman Clash MacArthur Recommends Attacking China MacArthur Recommends Attacking China MacArthur calls for war with China; Truman rejects request MacArthur calls for war with China; Truman rejects request Soviet Union, China have mutual assistance pact Soviet Union, China have mutual assistance pact Truman knew that if we attacked China the U.S.S.R. would attack the U.S. Truman knew that if we attacked China the U.S.S.R. would attack the U.S. MacArthur continues to push for invasion of China MacArthur continues to push for invasion of China Truman eventually fired him Truman eventually fired him Public outraged over hero’s dismissal Public outraged over hero’s dismissal Congressional investigation concluded Truman right Congressional investigation concluded Truman right

Settling for Stalemate UN, South Korea retake Seoul, advance north, back to 38th parallel UN, South Korea retake Seoul, advance north, back to 38th parallel Once back at the 38 th parallel, the fight stalls Once back at the 38 th parallel, the fight stalls 1951, Soviet Union suggests cease-fire 1951, Soviet Union suggests cease-fire 1953 an armistice is signed 1953 an armistice is signed Korea still divided Korea still divided A demilitarized zone established between North and South Korea A demilitarized zone established between North and South Korea Lack of success, high human, financial costs help elect Eisenhower Lack of success, high human, financial costs help elect Eisenhower

Ground Control Changes in Korean War June 1950 June 1950 North Korea invades South Korea North Korea invades South Korea September 1950 September 1950 North Koreans push UN and South Korean forces to Pusan North Koreans push UN and South Korean forces to Pusan Sept. – Oct Sept. – Oct UN troops recapture 38 th parallel and move toward China UN troops recapture 38 th parallel and move toward China Nov to Jan Nov to Jan Chinese intervention pushes UN forces back to around 38 th parallel Chinese intervention pushes UN forces back to around 38 th parallel