1. Cold War Conflicts The Cold War Heats Up

2. China Becomes Communist Chiang Kai-shek: Nationalist leader supported by the United States Government was corrupt and inefficient Mao Zedong: Communist leader gaining strength and peasant support By 1945 much of northern China was under Communist control

3. Civil War in China As soon as the Japanese left, civil war erupted between the Nationalists and the Communists Americans favored Nationalists simply because they opposed communism Truman refused military support to the Nationalists, but sent money Eventually, Nationalists are driven out and government flees to Taiwan

4. America Reacts to Communist Takeover America was stunned by the communist takeover in China State Department blamed Kai-shek Conservatives believed communists were infiltrating American government Americans were fearful communism would spread out of control

5. The Korean War

6. Japan had annexed Korea and ruled there until the end of WWII Japanese troops north of the 38 th Parallel surrendered to the Soviets Japanese troops south of the 38 th parallel surrendered to the Americans South Korea was established as a democracy with Seoul as the capital By June 1949, only 500 American troops were in South Korea Soviets prepared North Korea with tanks, airplanes and money to attempt to take over the entire peninsula

7. World War IIThe Korean War ★ Sending aid already ★ Attack on Pearl Harbor ★ Two-Front Battle; gain upper- hand in Europe then pour more resources into the Pacific ★ Numerous leaders; many more troops ★ Fought to stop fascism, Hitler, and counter-attack; protection ★ Triumphant morale ★ Surprise attack on South Korea ★ S. Korea called upon U.N.; 16 nations sent 520,000 troops of which 90% were American ★ Defense budget and army personnel slashed since WWII ★ One American fleet into waters b/w Taiwan and China ★ Under command of MacArthur ★ Struggled to make military advances; ill-equipped and trained ★ Radios knocked out by rain (Task Force Smith) ★ Demoralized ★ Fought only to contain the spread of Communism

8. The Korean War continued… On June 25, 1950 North Korean forces swept across the 38 th parallel in a surprise attack Within a few days, NK had penetrated deep into SK SK called on the UN to stop the invasion Soviets Union was not at the UN Security Council vote President Truman ordered troops to be stationed in Japan and sent American fleets into the waters between Taiwan and China

9. The Korean War continued… 16 Nations sent 520,000 troops into South Korea 90% of these troops were American South Korean troops numbered 590,000 Led by General Douglas MacArthur

10. MacArthur’s Counterattack Tanks, heavy artillery and fresh troops Surprise amphibious landing behind enemy lines on Korea’s west coast while other troops moved north Trapped between two attacks, half of the North Korean troops surrendered The UN army chased troops into North Korea close to the Yalu River, bordering China; seemingly about to cause a NK surrender

11. The Chinese Fight Back The Chinese were not going to allow Americans close to their border 300,000 Chinese troops joined the North Koreans –Chinese wanted North Korea as a buffer to protect northeastern provinces Chinese drove the UN troops back southward By Jan 1951, all UN troops were out of North Korea For two years, they fought bitterly to obtain strategic positions Neither side was able to make advances

12. MacArthur Recommends Attacking China To stop the bloody stalemate, MacArthur called for an extension of the war into China The Soviet Union had a mutual-assistance pact with China Attacking China could set off WWIII Omar Bradley said a war with China would be “the wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time, and with the wrong enemy

13. Battle Scenes from the Korean War

14. Regaining Seoul Instead of attacking China, the UN and South Korean forces began to advance again By April 1951, they had regained Seoul and moved back of the 38 th parallel The situation was the same as when the war started

15. MacArthur vs. Truman Not satisfied with the recapture of Seoul, MacArthur continued to urge full-scale war in China Tried to go over Truman’s head –Spoke to newspapers and magazine publishers –Republican leaders Continued to criticize Truman as he was trying to settle the war Fired MacArthur Americans were outraged Addressed Congress, ticker-tape parade Congressional committee to investigate dismissal; committee agreed with Truman and public opinion changed

16. Truman Fires MacArthur

17. Settling for Stalemate The Soviet Union unexpectedly suggested a cease-fire Talks began in July 1951 Location of the cease-fire at existing battle line Establishment of demilitarized zone between the opposing sides July 1953 (another year of negotiations) an armistice is signed

18. Armistice

19. Korean War Legacy Stalemate Republican administration elected next Fear of communist aggression increased Prompted a hunt for Americans who could be linked to communism