Growth and Expansion

Technology The Industrial Revolution started in the United States when Eli Whitney made the “cotton gin”, a machine that removed the seeds from picked cotton and made the clothing industry much more efficient He also came up with the idea for “interchangeable parts”, making each part identical with the others of its type. Now people are able to make thousands of the same item

Factories In 1790 Congress passed a patent law, a patent gives an inventor the right and protection to make money from an invention. This helped every inventor from fear of someone stealing their idea Samuel Slater memorized the design of textile (clothing) machines in England and designed them in the US. Now the US had the cotton from the cotton gin and the machinery from Slater Francis Cabot Lowell began the factory system and had all manufacturing steps in one place

Free Enterprise Inventors had protection with patent laws but they needed people with money to help them capitalism- individuals and businesses own property (even money) and decide how to use it. People control capital Capital-money, machines, land, building-anything used to create money Free enterprise-people are free to work and buy however they choose

Agriculture Grows As Americans moved West, agriculture grew there In the South, Cotton was king and slavery rose in the South from 700,000 to 1.2 million

Economic independence Capitalism led people to put their capital together to run or invest a company, those people who invested their own capital were given a stock in comparison to their investment Stocks-shares of ownership in a company

Cities Grow Up Water was the source for transportation and for power, people used moving water to move machine parts and create a cycle New York, Boston, Baltimore grew as centers of commerce and trade New cities were created next to rivers, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Louisville Cities has no sewer and had many diseases They also had many fires and few fire prevention methods But cities gave residents libraries, museums and shops

Lesson 2

Headed West census-official count of a population, had 4 million Americans Daniel Boone-explored the Appalachian Mountains in search of a road through to the West His Wilderness Road became the first southern highway to the West Private companies began to build turnpikes-toll roads to help pay for building them 1803 Ohio became a state and asked Congress for a road, Congress built the first National Road

Traveling on Rivers Robert Livingston hired Robert Fulton to build a steamboat to carry passengers from New York City to Albany Fulton launched his ship, the Clermont, the trip took 32 hours and should have taken four day if only using sails This led to canals, artificial waterways The Erie Canal was made to connect the great lakes to the Hudson River It used locks-separate compartments to raise or lower water Canals and steamships led to the economic growth of cities away from the Atlantic coast

New States Vermont Kentucky Tennessee Ohio Indiana Illinois Mississippi Alabama Missouri

Lesson 3 National Unity

Election of 1816 James Monroe, the Republican candidate won with no problem This time was called the “Era of Good Feelings” The country was growing and we needed a strong central government to govern, republicans started leaning to federalist ideas to guide the country

Henry Clay Henry Clay, speaker of the house proposed a new program. He called for higher tariffs, a new Bank of the United States, and building of roads, bridges, canals

Second Bank of the United States The license for the First Bank of the US expired and the bank failed In 1816, Congress brought the Bank back. This made the government have a place to put its money and regulated how much money was out in society

Competition from Britain There was a flood of British goods following the War of 1812, they were more advanced in technology and methods. This led to make more at a lower price

New Tariffs Congress passed new tariffs (Tariff of 1816) to protect our new corporations and factories Not everyone agreed because they were having to pay more for goods. Higher tariffs were passed in 1818 and 1824 The South with fewer factories complained

Sectionalism Sectionalism-differences in the goals and interests of different parts of the country This had existed since colonial times in the difference in regions but now it was growing This brought an end to the Era of Good Feelings There were three distinct section North, South, West North- New England and Mid-Atlantic South-Southeast West-area west of the Appalachian Mts and east of the Mississippi River

In congress, Henry Clay of Kentucky represented the West John C Calhoun of South Carolina represented the South Daniel Webster of Massachusetts represented the North

Nationalism and the Supreme Court Fletcher v. Peck courts could declare acts of a state void if it violated parts of the Constitution McCulloch v Maryland Maryland could not tax the local office of the Bank of the US because if was property of the national government The court agreed that the bank was constitutional because it was necessary and proper (remember Hamilton) 1824 Gibbons v Ogden- New York granted a monopoly of an steamship company running ships between NY and NJ. Supreme Court said that was not allowed and Congress has the power to make laws governing interstate commerce, or trade between states

Missouri Statehood Missouri Territory asked Congress to become a state Most settlers came from slave holding states like Tennessee and Kentucky, they wanted slavery in Missouri There were more people living in the North, this meant more anti- slave representatives in the House South had 81 representatives and the North had 105 In the Senate (New Jersey plan=equal rep) it was equal with 11 slave states and 11 free states. If Missouri is entered as a free state that means their senators would be on the free side and the South would be in the minority in both houses

Missouri Compromise Henry Clay proposed the Missouri Compromise He proposed that Maine (part of Massachusetts) be entered as a free state and Missouri can be a slave state This would keep the balance in the senate It also added a solution for the rest of the Louisiana Purchase territory, the compromise drew a line from the southern boundary of Missouri at N latitude. Slavery was not permitted above the line