Period

Key Concept 2.1 “Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization.” Spanish, French, Dutch, English

Spain Started in Caribbean, then Central and South America—most important was conquest of Aztecs by Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro (1531) permanentFirst permanent colonies in what will become United States are founded by Spain St. AugustineSt. Augustine (Florida) is founded (1565) to protect Spanish treasure fleets

Spain strict control over colonization and converted and exploited many natives (“Black Legend”) Profit (gold) Small amount of Spaniards ruled indigenous population Convert to Christianity, - encomiendas and missions

French and Dutch French and Dutch colonization: French – married natives Profit- extensive beaver fur trading Coureurs de bois – French fur traders – trade beaver furs; would live among natives Dutch – Profit- trading networks New Netherland Both- mostly single male settlers

English English : Hostile relations with natives Did not intermarry Single males to Southern colonies Families to middle and northern colonies Profit- Tobacco Headright system – receive 50 acres of land for every emigrant you sponsored coming over to new world. Conflicts with natives – Powhatans,, Pequot War, King Philip’s War

Slavery Why? Abundance of land to work Natives were hostile and often died from disease Shortage of labor after Bacon’s Rebellion 1676 Bacon’s Rebellion- indentured servants rebelled after not being given their freedom dues= English look for a more manageable labor supply

Slavery Based on racial superiority; born into slavery Developed own mixed culture Mix African traditions and Christianity Resistance working slowly, faking illness, running away, breaking tools, etc. Stono Rebellion (1739 – South Carolina)

Regional Differences in British Colonies New England- religion Puritans- “purify” Church of England John Winthrop- “City Upon a Hill” Town meeting halls Start of democracy in new world. Economy- Subsistence farming (rocky soil) Fishing Commerce Lumber

Regional Differences in British Colonies Middle Colonies “Bread Colonies” Most diverse (Quakers, Lutherans, Calvinists) Fertile soil (wheat and corn) Important mercantile centers New York City Philadelphia Mix between towns and sprawling estates

Regional Differences between British Colonies Chesapeake Colonies (Maryland and Virginia) Tobacco Plantations Indentured Servants –Bacon’s Rebellion- Slavery (need for cheap abundant labor) House of Burgesses- control over financial and militia Maryland Act of Toleration Southern Colonies Rice and indigo in deep south= harsh living conditions for slaves Plantations Mostly tied to one cash crop Continuous planting ruined soil = push inland= clashes with Natives

Key Concept 2.2 “European colonization efforts in North America stimulated intercultural contact and intensified conflict between the various groups of colonizers and native peoples.” Europeans pushed further onto Natives land Praying towns King Philip’s War – war between natives and English in Wampanoags (King Philip – Metacom) Native were rarely a threat in New England after war Spain- Pueblo Revolt Spain began to change the way they treated Natives

France and England France- focused on fur trade Start expanding into Ohio River Valley area England- focused on profit (tobacco) Conflicts with rule over Atlantic Molasses Act smuggling

Key Concept 2.3 “The increasing political, economic, and cultural exchanges within the ‘Atlantic World’ had a profound impact on the development of colonial societies in North America.” Trade in labor Slavery West Africa- traded to Spain and Portuguese “Middle Passage” – Shipment of Africans in close quartered ships; would last several weeks or months Triangular trade

Religion in British Colonies Southern Colonies Anglican church keeping with English traditions Middle Colonies More religious toleration (Quakers) New England Puritans Representative assemblies- seeds of democracy

Efforts to strengthen imperial control Navigation Acts- export of specific goods only to England (tobacco)= smuggling Dominion of New England- Combined NE colonies with governor to oversee (Sir Edmund Andros) Salutary Neglect- colonies mostly govern themselves with little interference from England- ends with 7 Years’ War

Resistance to British control Colonial self rule due to salutary neglect Enlightenment ideals Rights of Englishmen Great Awakening Republicanism (head is a rep. of people)