1. Native American Wars & African American relations

2. Reasons for English settlement
Both male & female migrants
Sought:
Social mobility
Economic prosperity
Religious freedom
Improved living conditions

3. Colonial review Family structure North v. South?
Labor force in southern colonies?
Chesapeake & North Carolina
Southernmost Atlantic Coast & British West Indies
Britain’s initially lax attention
Benign Neglect
Led to colonial self-governing institutions that were unusually democratic for the era
Ex. Participatory town meetings
Navigation Acts

4. Relationships with natives
Spanish: efforts to extract wealth from the land
Subjugated native population
Converted to Christianity
Incorporated them into Spanish colonial society
French & Dutch: relied on trade alliances & intermarriage with natives to build economic & diplomatic relationships
acquire furs & other exports
English: sought to establish colonies based on agriculture
relatively hostile relationships with natives
Settled on land taken from Native Americans, from whom they lived separately

5. Clashes with natives Pueblo Revolt AKA Pope’s Rebellion:
New Mexico missionaries’ efforts to suppress native religious customs  Indian uprising
Pueblo rebels destroyed every Catholic church in the province & killed hundreds of Spanish settlers
It took Spain nearly half a century to reclaim New Mexico from the natives
Spanish colonizing efforts saw an accommodation with some aspects of American Indian culture

6. Clashes with natives
British conflict w/ natives over land, resources & political boundaries led to conflict
King Phillip’s War (Metacom’s War)
King Phillip AKA Metacom led the Wampanoag tribe in resisting the English
led an attack on English villages throughout New England
Metacom was captured & beheaded
Led to a lasting defeat of Native Americans  alliance collapses
Conflict with natives reinforced English colonists’ worldviews on land & gender roles

7. European competition
Interactions between European rivals & natives fostered both accommodation & conflict
French, Dutch, British and Spanish colonies allied, traded with, and armed American Indian groups
Natives frequently sought alliance w/ Europeans against other Indian groups

8. European competition
As European colonies in North America competed & focused on gaining new sources of labor and on producing commodities that were valued in Europe
ex. Furs, tobacco
By supplying natives with deadlier weapons & alcohol, Europeans actually helped increase the intensity & destructiveness of native warfare

9. Slavery
First African Americans arrived in the colonies in & became slaves
Chattel Slavery
New laws
Prohibited interracial relationships
descendants of African American mothers defined as black & enslaved in perpetuity
Why?
Abundance of land
Shortage of indentured servants
Lack of an effective means to enslave native peoples
Growing European demand for colonial goods

10. Slave trade All British colonies participated
Small New England farms use relatively few enslaved laborers
Emerging plantation systems of southern colonies had large # of enslaved workers
Great majority of enslaved Africans were sent to West Indies

11. Southern social hierarchy
strict social hierarchy:
Large planter class
Small farmers, merchants & skilled artisans.
Indentured servants
Free slaves
Slaves
Native Americans
Elite planters exercised local authority & dominated elected assemblies

12. Early slave revolts
Slave protests took many forms- passive resistance (covert)
working slower
getting sick
sabotaging food
Outright revolts occurred (overt)
Stono River rebellion in 1739 in South Carolina.

13. Culture
In spite of slavery, African culture survived & mixed with European culture
Ex. Mixing of Christianity and African religions (religious autonomy)