1 Chapter 3 Goal 1: What is Ecology?

2 Organisms and Their Environment

3 I. Ecology A.interactions between organisms and their environment B.explains how living organisms affect each other and the world they live in A.interactions between organisms and their environment B.explains how living organisms affect each other and the world they live in

4 II. Environment A. Abiotic factors- nonliving parts 1. Examples: air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil, rocks 2. affect an organism’s life A. Abiotic factors- nonliving parts 1. Examples: air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil, rocks 2. affect an organism’s life

5 B. Biotic factors - living things in the environment All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection.All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection. B. Biotic factors - living things in the environment All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection.All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection.

6 Abiotic or Biotic? Biotic

7 Abiotic

8 Abiotic

9 Biotic

10 III. Levels of Organization

Levels of Organization Species  Population  Communities  Ecosystem  Biome  Biosphere

12 A. Simplest Levels 1.Atom 2.Molecule 3.Organelle 4.Cell 5.Tissue 6.Organ 7.Organ System 1.Atom 2.Molecule 3.Organelle 4.Cell 5.Tissue 6.Organ 7.Organ System

13 B. Ecological Levels of Organization organized into different levels according to complexityorganized into different levels according to complexity

st Level Organism: ONE individual living thingOrganism: ONE individual living thing –Ex: a Zebra Organism: ONE individual living thingOrganism: ONE individual living thing –Ex: a Zebra

nd Level Population: group of organisms of the same species which live in the same place at the same timePopulation: group of organisms of the same species which live in the same place at the same time –Ex: groups of zebras Population: group of organisms of the same species which live in the same place at the same timePopulation: group of organisms of the same species which live in the same place at the same time –Ex: groups of zebras

rd Level Community: All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time.Community: All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time. –Ex: groups of zebras and bison Community: All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time.Community: All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time. –Ex: groups of zebras and bison

th Level Ecosystem: Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in an area with abiotic factorsEcosystem: Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in an area with abiotic factors –Ex: zebras, giraffes, elephants, grasses, dirt/sand Ecosystem: Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in an area with abiotic factorsEcosystem: Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in an area with abiotic factors –Ex: zebras, giraffes, elephants, grasses, dirt/sand

th Level Biome:Biome: groups of ecosystems with similar climates –Ex: desert, rainforest Biome:Biome: groups of ecosystems with similar climates –Ex: desert, rainforest

th Level Biosphere: air, land, fresh and salt waterBiosphere: part of earth where life is found: air, land, fresh and salt water

20 INDIVIDUAL POPULATION COMMUNITY ECOSYSTEM BIOME BIOSPHERE ORGANIZATIONAL LEVELS OF ECOLOGY

21 What level of organization? Organism

22 What level of Organization? Ecosystem

23 What level of Organization? Population

Levels of Organization Foldable Fold 4 sheets of paper staggered by one inch. Staple at bottom. Title the front tab: Levels of Organization Under each tab: –Define the level in your OWN words –Draw picture representing the level (CANNOT use pictures in book) Color drawing –Write example below picture Fold 4 sheets of paper staggered by one inch. Staple at bottom. Title the front tab: Levels of Organization Under each tab: –Define the level in your OWN words –Draw picture representing the level (CANNOT use pictures in book) Color drawing –Write example below picture 24

Goal 2: FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS

I. The Sun A. Provides all energy for life on Earth.

II. AUTOTROPHS A. “Self-Feeders” B. capture energy from the sun to produce food C. also called a PRODUCER –Ex: plants & algae

D. 2 Ways to make Food (Sugars) 1. Photosynthesis - use light energy a.Ex: algae, plants 2. Chemosynthesis - use chemical energy a.Ex: cyanobacteria, sulfur bacteria – uses hydrogen sulfide for energy 3. Both use energy to make sugars and oxygen

Everything Else… HETEROTROPHS

III. HETEROTROPHS A. “Different-Feeders” B. Must “eat” other organisms for energy C. also called a CONSUMER D. Types of heterotrophs:

1. Herbivores Eats Plants

2. Carnivores Hunts/Kills Animals

3. Omnivores Eats Plants & Animals

4. Detritivores Eats Dead Remains & Waste

5. Decomposer Breaks Down Dead Matter

6. Scavenger Eats Animals already killed

Goal 3: Food Chains & Food Webs

I. Food Chain A. Diagram of steps in which organisms transfer energy B. Each “step” (organism) is called a trophic level

B.Energy flows in ONE direction C.Must use an ARROW to show direction of energy 1.Arrow points to organism RECEIVING energy by eating

D. Example:  Rules: 1.Must start with a producer 2.Arrows must point right 3.Only 3-5 organisms long Sunflower seeds Mouse Snake Owl

E. Order of Consumers  1 st order: mouse  2 nd order: snake  3 rd order: owl Sunflower seeds Mouse Snake Owl

Grass Zebra Lion Bacteria How many trophic levels are in this food chain? Which trophic level is the lion in? Which organism is the 1 st order consumer? ….the 2 nd order consumer? …. The 3 rd order consumer?

II. Food Web A. Diagram that links all of the food chains in an ecosystem together 1.Same rules apply as food chains

Trophic Levels Each Level In A Food Chain or Food Web is a Trophic Level. Producers Always The First Trophic Level Always The First Trophic Level How Energy Enters The System How Energy Enters The SystemHerbivores Second Trophic Level Second Trophic Level 46 Omnivores & Carnivores Third Trophic Level and Up

Trophic Level Pyramid

Ecologists use ecological pyramids to represent the relationships among trophic levels I. Three types: Pyramid of Energy Pyramid of Biomass Pyramid of Numbers

a.Shows amount of energy at each trophic level b.Energy decreases as you go up i.10% of the energy at each trophic level goes on to the next level ii.90% is lost as heat

a.Shows the total weight of living matter at each trophic level b.Typically the greatest biomass is at the bottom of the pyramid.

a.Shows the population size at each level b.Amount of organisms decreases as you go up